Breaking Down Barriers to Excellence (operations management)2 Assignment

Separating Barriers to Excellence (tasks management)2 - Assignment Example For the specialists to adequately actualize change, the association ought to make a supporting domain, assets, and preparing, articulate an exact heading along with clear desires, and connect with its administration and strengthen new practices. This ought to likewise incorporate discovering collaboration among gatherings, giving them what they need, just as organizing endeavors to accomplish given objectives. As per Proctor and Doukakis, (2003), it requires an adroit innovation appropriation plot that ties preparing, sponsorship, work process harmonization, correspondence, fortification, and client support with the business needs. The best administration structure in this setting will be the utilization of departmental administrators, where the C-level official will be the Chief Information Officer. The consultancy ought to be a benefit community for the explanation that, the main genuine benefit in a foundation is acknowledged when the outer client offers cash to the association to trade for a decent or administration. On the off chance that the consultancy really needs to make benefit, it will concentrate its endeavors on making connections as productive and viable as could be expected under the circumstances. The authority structure in this association is an even one. This administration structure can be identified with quality administration in a work place, where representatives wind up in work settings with partners of various ages with various however persuade values, work styles, and objectives (Thiagarajan and Zairi, 1997). Multigenerational work environments are a wellspring of positive test, noteworthy development, and business openings if viably oversaw and utilized to meet the objectives of an association. Models incorporate factors, for example, deferential correspondence, sound way of life choices, and practical proficiency. Thiagarajan, T., and Zairi, M. (1997). An audit of absolute quality administration by and by: understanding the basics through instances of best practice applications-Part I. The TQM Magazine, 9(4),

Eassy for P.E

Memoir of Christopher Bruce Christopher Bruce was conceived on the third of October 1945 in England, he began examining moving at 11 years of age, and he started with tap and artful dance. In the wake of learning at the Rambert School Christopher Bruce joined Rambert Ballet in 1963, where he immediately turned into the main male artist. Bruce showed up in works, for example, Don Quixote in 1964 and Coppelia in 1966. At that point the organization started to explore different avenues regarding expressive dance and present day, consolidating them to shape, explicitly the Martha Graham strategy. Martha Graham made 181 ballet productions and a move procedure that has been contrasted with artful dance in its degree and greatness. Huge numbers of the extraordinary present day and artful dance choreographers have contemplated the Martha Graham Technique or have been individuals from her organization. ) When Bruce moved the job of Pierrot Lunaire, his own interpretive abilities were taken no te. Bruce was â€Å"dominating everything-essentially living the part†. Bruce at that point worked with Glen Tetley, he found that â€Å"the intention in the development originates from the focal point of the body†¦ rom this base we utilize old style expressive dance as an augmentation to give more extensive territory and assortment of movement† In 1977 he was selected partner executive of the organization and was its partner choreographer from 1979-87, he made more than twenty works for the organization. Between 1986-91 he went about as partner choreographer additionally for London Festival Ballet, later ENB, and occupant choreographer for Houston Ballet in 1989. In 1994 he became masterful executive for RDC. Regularly political in his work, he incorporates traditional expressive dance and present day move, frequently set against famous music by craftsmen like Bob Dylan, Rolling Stones.His creations incorporate ‘Cruel Garden', 1977, ‘Ghost Dances', 19 81, ‘Swansong', 1987, and ‘Rooster', 1991. Impacts Social and political topics develop as normally as his very own impression concerns, in spite of the fact that his point is in every case right off the bat to make a bit of move, as opposed to say something. By and by, he doesn't see a contention between making intriguing development and handling troublesome issues. He accepts that there is a lot of excellence in Ghost Dances and comparative works. Bruce is ordinarily known for utilizing topics that emphasis on close to home or political issues.He has made dynamic pieces however even these have a solid inclination of feeling. Bruce utilizes a wide scope of beginning stages, especially verse, writing, music, paper articles and world occasions. For instance ‘†¦ for the individuals who bite the dust in cows' mirrors his perspectives and worries of war, ‘rooster' is his concept of connections, ‘swansong' is likely one of his generally moving and enthus iastic pieces and handles the intense issue of torment. His perspectives on the general human condition are depicted in ‘waiting'.Throughout his profession, Christopher has been a solid supporter of Amnesty International's thoughts and through his movement he has voiced his interests for society, the oppressed and casualties of a wide scope of human rights manhandles. On numerous occasions he has come back to these topics and in his latest work â€Å"grinning in your face†, these worries are enunciated as intensely as could be. The Arts have a significant task to carry out in investigating social issues and move can be viewed as the most human of the Arts as it depends on the body.The picture of the tormented detainee from â€Å"swansong† or the unfair detainment of Reuben Carter, in â€Å"Hurricane† are undeniably more remarkable than simple words can ever be. Video concentrates of Christopher's work have been utilized to strengthen discusses human rights misuse. In the 1970's the concentration for Bruce was South America and Pinochet's bleeding overthrow against the chosen Allende government in Chile. He was profoundly proceeded onward the gathering of Joan Jara, who was tormented and killed by Pinochets powers. This gathering lead him to arrange, Ghost Dances.He took the subject of the day of the dead, basic imagery and indigenous move developments as a premise to pass on the situation of the honest individuals of South American down the ages and their boldness even with misfortune. Unquestionably, Ghost Dances has an enormous effect and crowds in numerous nations have gotten a kick out of its particular, cadenced development performed to frequenting American tunes. Be that as it may, it is the portrayal of the abuse of common individuals, represented by the evil phantom figures, which give the work a lot of its resonance.On the proof of apparition moves, swansong, and merciless nursery (about the passing of Lorca on account of th e extremists in Spain), human rights topics have given him a solid wellspring of motivation. He stays an energetic supporter for the job of move and expressions of the human experience in the public arena and accepts that seeing great work and the opportunity to perform, either as a beginner or an expert, an advance lives, yet can likewise be acculturating impact. Apparition moves It was made in 1981, and was affected by the political persecution in Chile.The style was contemporary artful dance mixed with South American society move. The setting of Ghost Dances is a rough Andean area recommending the mouth of a cavern. The hues (blue's, greens and grays) of the setting were compelling and praised the outfits and development by adding to the scary air. The entire stage was lit by a diminish white light. The ‘dead' wear ordinary garments, which are starting to break down. The Ghost Dancers show up as skeletal figures in striking skull veils. The piece is joined by Andiean people music, with panpipes, guitars, and flutes.The tune is irresistible, cadenced and tuneful. The style of the movement is crooked and effortless, fusing people move impacts. The Ghost artists style of move varies to the style of the ‘dead'. The Ghost artists utilize extremely cockeyed and precise Movements, there heads are the primary key I think to making their moving look as undermining as it does, they move them rapidly and strongly as one and it makes a threatening impact. The ‘dead', then again are free streaming and elegant, their stance is open chested and balletic with exceptionally flawless however complex footwork.I cherished this piece and the aptitudes used to perform it. The smooth movement nearby customary Chilean folkdance was unique and rousing to watch, it was a moving piece and bigly affected me due to the genuine issues behind it. Swansong This piece was made in 1987 and was impacted by the destiny of political detainees, the style was contemporary artfu l dance and the detainee's developments depended on the possibility of a swan. The piece is commonly based around the destiny of political detainees and their need to break free.Swansong is a purposely upsetting move indicating a casualty being tormented by an assortment of means, despite the fact that there is no real savagery in front of an audience. It shows both the forceful and savage component of cross examination, and how programming, embarrassment and having with feelings would all be able to be impact of a long, harrowing match-up. In consolidating vaudevillian humor, balletic virtuosity, and contempory move expressionism with such a genuine topic, he tries to make work that can be acknowledged at various levels by a wide audience.The three artists are costumed originally and particularly took after the set, it was all extremely oversimplified, with the detainee in only a plain shirt and pants and the two gatekeepers are wearing dubiously battle ready khaki pants and casual shirts could be seen as police officers, fighters, or watchmen. Program notes have tended neither to offer names to the characters nor to indicate jobs †picking rather to just rundown the cast and permit crowds to make their own interpretation.The detainee utilizes a smooth and streaming style of move while interestingly the two gatekeepers move in a cutting edge, camp way, featuring much more the partition and distinction between the watchmen and detainee. The straightforwardness of the arranging and uncertainty of the characters loans weight to its all inclusiveness. The move could be making place anyplace on the planet. The stage is dim and exposed except for a solitary wooden seat lit obviously from above, demonstrating maybe a solitary bulb-draping overhead in an in any case void room.There are seven segments in swansong; every ha an alternate subject and style.  ·Section 1, questions and replies. All through the main segment the move recommends the cross examiners and casualty getting away with tomfoolery, the move changing from trios to brief two part harmonies and solo's. in the two part harmonies the examiners move as one, playing out a similar material in a steady progression or marginally shifting the means to assault their casualty.  ·Section 2, tea for two. The area segment starts with another cross examination meeting during which the subsequent questioner strolls round his eated casualty, and this time the casualty taps out ‘answers' yet feeling rebellious. The questioners change tatics.  ·Section 3, first performance. The third area is a solo for the casualty alone on the stage and it is more expressive both in music and development than the proceding areas. It stands out from the torment recently appeared, giving off an impression of being a cry of disappointment and outrage at the casualty's circumstance just as bringing out his inclination for opportunity.  ·Section 4, slow trio. The casualty promptly tenses and jumps as the main investigative specialist comes to towards him, and afterward loosens up when he isn't harmed.No questions are inquired. Again the initial succession is performed twice yet toward the finish of the seat is moved with the goal that the casualty can't come back to it. This turns into a common topic of this move; the casualties seat is over and over pulled away from under him or put just past his range. He is pushed and tossed around, the impact of the savagery is in moderate movement. The casualty twists protectively on the floor and is uncurled continuously examiner and the torment proceeds.  ·Section 5, second solo without accompaniment.Although

Essay Writing Questions - Do They Matter?

Essay Writing Questions - Do They Matter?There are many reasons why so many college students like to take the time and effort to answer essay writing questions, whether it is to see if they are good enough to get a high grade or simply because they want to know how to write. Even though you may be given a bit of a task, it is much better than simply writing something without any reason or thought.Essay writing questions should be considered by all students. If you do not need to research on your topic, then there is no need to put in the extra time and effort to answer it yourself.If you are taking a class in which essay writing is required for the class, it would be best to try to answer all of the essay writing questions that have been given to you by the professor. However, if it is only required of one of your classmates, you will likely find that it is much easier to write your own. If you are reading essays online or on paper, it would not hurt to try and give your own answer f or the question.Regardless, of where you get your question, just be sure that you really understand what the essay is asking. It is a good idea to even come up with a good response to the question, so that it gives you a little confidence to write the essay as well. A bad answer could lose you points for the class, or even in a college.Most of the time, most people are confused when writing the essay question, especially those who may not be so good at English. For those who do not have to write essays, they will probably give more attention to the main point of the essay, which is to get them a better grade.In some cases, if it is only required of one of your classmates, you will likely find that it is much easier to write your own answer for the question. However, if it is only required of one of your classmates, you will likely find that it is much easier to write your own answer for the question. Regardless, of where you get your question, just be sure that you really understand what the essay is asking.If you are taking a class in which essay writing is required for the class, it would be best to try to answer all of the essay writing questions that have been given to you by the professor. However, if it is only required of one of your classmates, you will likely find that it is much easier to write your own answer for the question. If you are reading essays online or on paper, it would not hurt to try and give your own answer for the question.The bottom line is that there is a simple way to make sure that you get the correct answer. While you can try to look up the exact answer online, doing so could take up a lot of your time. You could also check out the homework given to you by the professor in order to help you figure out what the question is asking.

Personal Narrative The Great Sun - 1554 Words

I was in the back seat of my car, listening to my music. I was paying little attention to my parents who were going on and on about how this would be a great â€Å"bonding experience†. â€Å"Blah Blah...nature...blah blah...the great outdoors†¦Ã¢â‚¬ , that was what I heard them babbling about. We drove by an obstacle course with a zipline over a shiny brown mud pit. It was near a thicket of woods. â€Å"Maybe we could do that while we are here?† my mom asked with a hopeful look in her eyes. â€Å"Maybe† I reply. She turns back to her magazine, looking content. â€Å"I’m not doing that...EVER!† I thought to myself. But who am I to burst my parents bubble? After a few turns and hills we came upon a small little cottage. It was quaint with a thatched roof and flowers†¦show more content†¦I decided to not even look at the living room and went to my room. It was quaint, and ugly. A wooden four-poster bed with a flowered bedspread that looked like it belonged in a nursing home. A very, very small closet which wouldn’t even hold my shoes, let alone the rest of my clothes. I had to make a decision; either stay in this dismal place, or go and hide in the woods. It was an easy decision. I decided to go just into the woods but still in view of the cabin. Rip up the pants that I hated but what my parents had made me bring, and come staggering home with some sob story, and beg my parents to take me away from this horrible place. They’d buy it, of course, and soon I’d be riding a plane to some beach in the Bahamas. I left the cabin and told my parents that I was going on a walk. They believed me of course. It was like taking candy from a baby. They were going to be berry picking on the very edge of the forest, so I couldn’t exactly stay on the edge without them seeing me and getting suspicious. I walked a little bit more towards the center of the woods and came upon a cave. It was as black as the night and as damp as grass in the early morning, wet with dew. It was cold, cold like the winter wind in a field with no trees. I deeply regretted not bringing a sweatshirt. Maybe I should have planned this out better there is a list of things I should have brought; a sweatshirt, food, my phone, water, aShow MoreRelatedThat Evening Sun: Literary Analysis Essay641 Words   |  3 Pagesâ€Å"That Evening Sun† by William Faulkner is a good example of a great emotional turmoil transferred directly to the readers through the words of a narrator who does not seem to grasp the severity of the turmoil. It is a story of an African American laundress who lives in the fear of her common-law husband Jesus who suspects her of carrying a white mans child in her womb and seems hell bent on killing her. Many critics refer to That Evening Sun as one of the finest examples of narrative point of viewRead MoreThe Beginning Of American Literature Essay1322 Words   |  6 Pagesduring this time varied in terms of quality and subjects. This early literature was made up of creation myths, travel journals, history writing, poetry, religious writing, and personal narratives. Creation myths are some one of the six genres we see in the beginning of American literature. They are a symbolic narrative of how the world began and how people first came to inhabit it. Many of the Native American creation myths show a strong resemblance to Genesis. Percy Bullchild, a Blackfeet IndianRead MoreThe Different Film Genres795 Words   |  3 PagesOf the various major film genres, I am most attracted to action/adventure films and comedy films. I particularly like action/adventure films because they allow e to be transported to a fantasy world where good always triumphs over evil. There are a great variety of action films I enjoy watching, however, one of the things that they all have in common is an unusually high rate of violence. Through these films, I am able to be transported to a dangerous environment while remaining in a safe locationRead MoreWhat Should I Write About Your Personal Narrative Essay932 Words   |  4 Pagesbecomes necessary to type personal narrat ives, without so much as a hint of a topic, it can drive a student to some rather interesting conclusions. Some of these conclusions may be as simple as â€Å"Hmm, what should I write about?† Or perhaps more complicated and â€Å"Great, it’s 2:00 A.M. the day the paper is due and I have nothing typed.† No matter the situation the creative thinking process can be greatly limited, thus I present to you the narrative of me typing my personal narrative essay. It began ratherRead MoreMichelle Hudson. Hist 3338: Psa 1. Dr. Fan. 02/18/2017.1219 Words   |  5 Pageshad gone down, but the sun had not yet risen† (Hsun, Lu, pg.75) an ambiguous setting that evokes desperation and hope for a better future. Lu Hsun utilizes astrological symbols to play with the mind of the reader by utilizing the moon as a symbolism of rhythm of time that embodies a never ending cycle. In contrast, using the sun as a symbolism evokes a new beacon of enlightenment of a new era that will shine towards China. This concept is reinforced by stating â€Å"but the sun had not yet risen†(HsunRead More First Person Narration in Charlotte Perkins Gilmans The Yellow Wallpaper and Edgar Allen Poes the Black Cat854 Words   |  4 Pageswriting if the readers are intended to empathise with the character. It is controlled voyeurism, peering into anothers consciences and seeing the world through their eyes. In the case of baleful stories such as these, this technique can have a great effect on the way atmosphere and tension is created in the story. One advantage of using the first person is so that you can see the logic and reasoning of the main characters, and how they deal with their actions and consequences. For exampleRead MoreMaya Angelou Response Essay717 Words   |  3 Pagesâ€Å"Graduation,† Maya Angelou recollects the experience of her eighth grade graduation in the 1930s to examine the personal growth of humans caught in the adversity of racial discrimination. Through narrative structure, selection of detail, and use of imagery, Angelou encourages young blacks to follow their ambitions with pride, despite what the â€Å"white man† thinks of them. Through her narrative structure, Angelou aspires for young black students to maintain â€Å"Negro† pride and strong ambition. Her essayRead MoreHymn To Aten And Enuma Elis1693 Words   |  7 PagesThese gods had arguments and fought amongst themselves until the ultimate being was created; he was called Marduk. Marduk slayed Tiamat, causing half of her to become the heavens and the other half of her to become Earth. This event instigated the great, divine rule of Marduk and the move of the gods to the heavens. Despite all being deities, the Babylonian gods did not all work together. They formed relationships with other gods, positive and negative, and sought to either bring them down or bringRead MoreThe River Mountain By N. Scott Momaday Essay1654 Words   |  7 Pagescontrasts his personal memories of Kiowa culture and traditional tribal narratives to create an impression of the Native American way of life that is both well-grounded and accurate to their history. Not only did the ancestral Kiowa stories contribute to the overall influence on his character but also the landscape and journey as he merges his individual memories with the ancestral memories. It is stated that Aho, Momaday’s grandmother, was born when the Kiowas were living the last great moments ofRead MoreAlice Munros an Ounce of Cure1548 Words   |  7 Pagesstudies make the link between literary techniques such as narrative and storytelling and several other disciplines. Thus, one may find the theories of narrative and storytelling extending up to several major disciplines, such as philosophy, psychology, and literary criticism. In the view of different experts in literary analyses, there is a close connection between narrative or storytelling and the definition of the nature of self and personal identity. The former has been understood as influential

Burned Alive a Victim of the Law of Men - 1146 Words

Burned Alive is the devastating story of a young Arabic girl named Souad living in a small West Bank village that is run by the law of men, where women are practically worthless. Women here are beaten almost daily, and are used mostly for labor purposes, but most importantly, to produce sons. Not only do women go through horrible abuse and mistreatment, but they also live with the risk if being killed for committing even the smallest sin which brings embarrassment to the family. In order to restore the family’s honor, they get a man, normally the girls’ brother, to perform a torturous honor killing Souad begins noticing a man that lives nearby, named Faiez. After gaining his attention, they use signals to communicate from afar, since a†¦show more content†¦They are sometimes not allowed to speak or look at a man, and they are often mistreated, abused, or even killed without any regard to their life. The book Burned Alive has many universal themes. One, for example, is acceptance. Souads husband in Europe, as well as her three children, still loved and accepted her despite her past and her scarred skin. Another is fear. â€Å"I’ve realized in adulthood that the memories that remain of my childhood are all linked to fear,† says Souad. Souad, her sisters, and every other woman and man around the world has felt fear. One last universal theme in the book is guilt. Everyone feels guilt at some point in their life, including Souad when she gave Marouan up for adoption. â€Å"I feel guilty, many years later, for making this choice,† she said. Considering Burned Alive is a true story, many parts of it can tie into human geography. For example, culture; it is typical of the cultures of the Middle East to treat women in what we in the western part of the world consider being a derogatory way. They require women to live by the men’s law and treat them basically as salves. Also in their culture, women are not allowed to get married until their older sisters do, women cannot go into a shop, wear jewelry, or pluck her eyebrows until she is married, a man can have several wives, and, of course, performing honor killings is very normal. The book also talks about the culture of Europe, and how tremendously different itShow MoreRelatedThe Mass Killings : The Holocaust Vs. The Rape Of Nanking991 Words   |  4 Pagessolely in Nanjing China in Asia. The victims of both of the atrocities were similar in they both affected families and did not center only on men or soldiers. The Holocaust victims were mostly of Jewish descent, including men, women, children, and physically or mentally handicapped. People who were killed that were not Jewish were those that tried to protect the Jews or speak up for them. The rape of Nanjing involved the murder, rape, and brutalization of men, women, and children. Not to be exactRead MoreChanges Of The Corrections System911 Words   |  4 Pagesinclude : being boiled alive, the â€Å"rack† which was used in the extreme stretching of the body until the offender was ripped apart, being burned internally, skinning the offender alive, or bring hung/drawn/quartered. The iron maiden was also sometimes used in executions. The iron maiden was a large coffin like device with spikes on the inside. In modern times, such forms of execution would be frowned upon in the United States due to the inhumanity . The earliest form of law was the Code of HammurabiRead MoreEssay on The Connectio Between Animal Cruelty And Human Violence1543 Words   |  7 Pagescriminal charges were filed against 3 of the 4 boys involved. If these charges are found to be accurate, these boys are not only in violation of the laws of the State of Virginia, but are also in need of immediate psychiatric intervention.† (1)*** Another horrific article I ran across was even worse. It was about a dog who to was also a victim of rancid brutality. Here is that story. ***WARNING*** (graphic details) â€Å"Jose, Marcus, Richard and Lance are accused of obtaining a video camera, pressingRead MoreWar : Dream Or Impossibility? American President John F. Kennedy1063 Words   |  5 Pagesoppressed everywhere, while lots of other people are looking the other way. Firstly, men, women, and children are denied human rights. In â€Å"The KINGDOM of NIGHT† Elie Wiesel, in his Nobel Peace Prize acceptance speech, talks about his hardships and the hardships of other Holocaust survivors. â€Å"Human rights are being violated on every continent. More people are oppressed than free.†(101). This quote refers to victims of racism, child slavery, and other such atrocities. Examples of these atrocities canRead MoreThe War I And World War II944 Words   |  4 Pagesrecognized in the international community as a genocide. Therefore, Holocaust survivors are able have their memory of being genocide victims accepted by the general public. In contrast, Armenians have not been recognized a s genocide victims until recently by the international community. This implies a lack of ownership and control of how their experiences as victims are remembered. It is important to note that one’s position in society, or accepted identity and its implications, greatly determinesRead MoreKristallnacht Reflection987 Words   |  4 Pages The Holocaust was a horrific time period. It all started around 1933 when Hitler was appointed Chancellor of Germany. Hitler used the Nuremberg Race Laws to deprive the Jews of their German citizenship. Kristallnacht, which is a government-organized pogrom against Jews in Germany was the start of the mistreatment of Jews in their homes and synagogues. Holocaust survivors like Elie Wiesel shared their stories to provide more insight into what actually happened during this time. Elie Wiesel was 15Read MoreCannibalism Essay1136 Words   |  5 Pages ABSTRACT Cannibalism is an act that is thought to be heinous and inconceivable in the minds of men. But, contrary to what many people think, cannibalism is very much alive and still being practiced within the continental United States of America; the thing is†¦the government just hasnt found out about it yet. This report will take you through the history of cannibalism, the different types of cannibalism, and the different cases of cannibalism. Cannibalism is one of the strangest and most horrificRead MoreChallenges Faced By African Americans990 Words   |  4 PagesAmerican women. The topics mentioned demonstrate the types of challenges that African Americans had to endure over the years. Lynching is a horrible act that took place in the United States. Lynching means â€Å"any act of punishment not sanctioned by law, including, whipping, tarring, and feathering, and other acts of humiliation and degradation.†2 Lynching was used against African Americans but this was not always the case. At first, lynching was used against whites that did not follow what the localRead MoreThe Final Solution For World War II1668 Words   |  7 Pagespopulated areas slowly began to be separated from the rest of the common people. (Final Solution: Overview; United States Holocaust Memorial Museum) As Hitler came to power he quietly began issuing more unjust laws against non-Germans. In a few short years following Hitler’s election, laws limiting Jewish rights were increasing to the point of persecution. (The History Place) Part one of The Final Solution was to isolate the Jews from the Non-Jews. Jewish shops were restricted on what they couldRead MoreThe Persecution of Witches Essay1557 Words   |  7 Pagescontradicted Christian teachings that women were subservient to men (Cline). Any man or woman who disregarded the hierarchical nature of the church, or did not follow their principles was often accused of being a witch in this time period. This led to them being convicted and hanged. The death toll from the witch craze can be estimated as anywhere from 1,450 to as high and popularly estimated as 9,000,000 worldwide (Lovelace). Nearly 82% of the victims were estimated to be women due to the church’s belief

Transition of Music from Classical Era to the Postmodern Era

Classical to the Post-Modern Eras In this essay, I’m going to trace the development of Classical Music from the late 1750s to the Post-Modern era in the 2000s and provide a brief history of music, and how they link together to form what we have today. There are many preconceptions of what the history of music is. Some people think it is mainly a biography of composer’s lives, but they are wrong. The history of music is primarily the history of musical style. In order to appreciate this, it is essential to become acquainted with the different sounds and to hear them in their contexts. Fashions in history change with the generations, like fashions in musical tastes. Lets first start with the classical music, Classical is an era; it is†¦show more content†¦Some of the most famous composers of all time lived and worked during the Romantic music era. Schubert, Chopin, Wagner, Brahms, and Mahler are among the most recognizable names. The transition from nineteenth-century Romanticism to twentieth-century Modernism is perhaps one of the big points in music history. Because the speed of twentieth-century innovation in all areas has been so accelerated, music has also moved from one new idea to another with such speed that no previous era can be compared to. Technology and scientific discovery are probably the basic influences on musical creativity and production. Dissonance became very important and in fact most of the pieces are made up of dissonant chords (Palisca). During the Modern era, many new musical techniques emerged. They were seen in melody , harmony , rhythm, meter, texture, tonality, and sonority . It is important to note that during the twentieth century not all changes in music were a revolution or a return to old ideals. Contrapuntal textures in music dominate the Modern era. While, homophonic textures are present, it is to a lesser degree and with less importance. During the 20th century, tone co lor has become a more important element of music then it was ever before. It has a major role which is creating variety, continuity and mood. Consonance is no longer in use in theShow MoreRelatedBenchmarking1075 Words   |  5 PagesChapter 1 – Mass Communications: A Critical Approach Culture and the Evolution of Mass Communication * Culture * can be narrowly associated with art – forms of expression such as music or painting that provide enlightenment or insight * can also be viewed as a broader category that includes the entire spectrum of ways that people express themselves at particular historical times * including art, beliefs, customs, games, technologies, traditions, and institutions Read More Visual Media, Allegorical Consciousness, and Postmodern Culture1642 Words   |  7 PagesVisual Media, Allegorical Consciousness, and Postmodern Culture I think many of us would agree that we are living in an era of transition: generally, from one phase of modernity to another; more specifically, it is harder to say. Lets ask ourselves for a moment how this sense of change might guide the rhetorical study of visual media. Of the many possible answers to this question, there are two I want to put on the table. The first consideration is that the study of visual media is likelyRead MoreCinematic History Essay2418 Words   |  10 Pagesshowed Stanford a picture of the horse with all four legs above the ground at the same time. A year later Muybridge decided to build off of his sequences and invent the zoopraxiscope to present his moving images. The zoopraxiscope projected images from rotating glass disks in rapid succession to make it seem like the images were in motion (Kiel 30).†¨ The late 1800’s were a time of inventions, and one of the greatest contributors to the inventing world, as well as the progression ofRead MoreLiterature Review on Consumer Behaviour16053 Words   |  65 Pagesthe world as a rational and ordered place with a clearly defined past, present, and future. The assumption of rationalism is therefore fundamental to the traditional perspective. 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Artificial Sweeteners free essay sample

Artificial sweetners. Artificial sweetners have been in use for over one hundred years. A low calorie substitute for sugar it is used in many ways. Like it or not artificial sweetners are used in may low calorie products. Its no surprise that in todays weight conscious world people in an effort to lose weight will switch to these sweetners without a thought as to how these products have been made.. The soft drink industry has capitalized on dieting with their lines of soft drinks eg diet coke, diet pepsi,diet tonic water etc, all these diet drinks use sugar substitutes such as aspartame, saccharin or sucralose to sweeten their beverages and keep the calorie count low, In many cases diabetics use these substitutes to control their sugar intake. Artificial sweetners are also found in ice cream canned fruit Saccharin also known as â€Å"sweet n low† was the first artificial sweetner to be discovered by a researcher in the basement of a chemistry building. We will write a custom essay sample on Artificial Sweeteners or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page A researcher had fallen asleep with a cigar hanging out of his mouth – the cigar fell into a petrie dish , setting a chemical reaction into motion Saccharin is not only the oldest but it is the most challenged sweetner on the market. Saccharin has no calories is several hundred times sweeter than sugar, used in canned fruits, ice cream . Studies suggest that it is a mild carcinogen with rats showing high rates of bladder cancer after being fed this sweetner. The only advantage is that saccharin doesn’t convert to glucose in the body making it a popular choice of diabetics, However, it is a chemical that must be metabolized and eliminated from the body. Saccharin is not considered safe depending on the amount consumed and the overall health of the consumer. Especially of concern would be young children, teenagers pregnant women.

Professional Practice With Children Families And Carers Social Work Essay Essay Example

Professional Practice With Children Families And Carers Social Work Essay Essay As a consequence of the 2011 public violences seen in the United Kingdom, Louise Casey ( 2012 ) was commissioned by the alliance authorities to compose a study entitled Listening to Troubled Families . This essay will review the study and see if authorities asceticism steps could impact in societal attention proviso and results for service users. It will discourse the narration of one household identified in the study whom require intercession and support in order to safeguard their kids ( Casey 2012 ) . It will give an lineation of the development and impact of statute law and policy counsel on societal work pattern for kids, households and carers. Furthermore it will see academic research and theories that inform societal work pattern when working with such households ; for case ; ecological theories, appraisal, life span theoretical accounts of development, professional power and fond regard theory. This essay will besides discourse the accomplishments necessary for modern-day so cietal work practicians to prosecute efficaciously with kids and households. It will reason that inter-professional, anti-oppressive, multi-professional and brooding pattern is paramount to successful results for households who require support from services. We will write a custom essay sample on Professional Practice With Children Families And Carers Social Work Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Professional Practice With Children Families And Carers Social Work Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Professional Practice With Children Families And Carers Social Work Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The term troubled households was foremost used by David Cameron ( Cameron, 2011 ) , and subsequently defined by the Department for Communities and Local Government ( DCLG ) as families holding serious jobs and helter-skelter personal histories. Cameron ( 2012 ) intends to guarantee those identified in the study as troubled 120,000 households, turn their lives around . These households are characterised as ; holding no grownup in employment, kids who do non go to school and household members partaking in anti-social behavior and condemnable activities. By cut downing costs and bettering results, the consequences based funding strategy purposes to alter service bringing for households ( Cameron, 2011 ) . Welshman ( 2012 ) , states that this policy docket is the latest Reconstruction of the underclass argument. Giddens ( 1973, cited in Haralambos and Holborn, 2002 ) claims that Britain has an lower class of people who are disadvantaged on the labor market because they lack makings an d accomplishments, and may confront favoritism, bias and marginalization in society. The New Labour Government ( 1997-2010 ) linked disorderly behaviour to job households and focussed on single lacks instead than an recognition of structural restraints, for case ; the effects of poorness on household relationships and parenting ( Hill and Wright, 2003 ; Gillies, 2005, in Parr, 2009 ) . New Labour implemented Family Intervention Projects ( FIP ) that were framed from the Respect Action Plan in 2006. This was criticized by a parental and household support administration Parentline Plus ( 2006 ) , as menaces of penalties to parents would impact negatively on households, and parents could be less willing to seek support before they reached crisis ( BBC News, 2006 ) . Enterprises like Signpost, provided intensive degrees of support and apprehension of multidimensional complexnesss, consisting of effectual intercession for kids and households within their communities ( Dillane et al 2001, cited in Parr, 2009 ) . Featherstone ( 2006 ) maintains this enterprise was within the context of the societal investing province, promoting investing in human capital as opposed to direct economic proviso provided by the province in the signifier of public assistance payments. Postle, ( 2002 cited in Parr, 2009 ) argues that Signpost intercession was societal work at its best leting so cietal workers clip for effectual communicating and partnership working instead than the policing of households. Levitas ( 2012 ) argued against research methodological analysis used in the Casey Report ( 2012 ) and of the thought of multi-disadvantaged households being the beginning of society s ailments. Levitas ( 2012 ) claims ; that the figure of 120,000 was founded on informations from a secondary analysis of a Children and Families Report ( 2004 ) . Literature suggests the figure of 120,000 households is underestimated, the figure of multi-disadvantaged households is significantly greater ( Levitas, 2012 ; Hern, 2012 ) . The initial 2004 survey found no grounds to bespeak that the households were problem shapers as proposed but did happen that they were households in problem. As a consequence of alterations in revenue enhancement, public assistance benefits, disbursement cuts and the go oning effects of the economic downswing ( Levitas, 2012 ) . Welshman ( 2012 ) advocates that history provides of import lessons for policymakers and turn toing both structural and behavioral causes of poorness is likely to be more effectual than numbering and specifying such households. He believes there is small cognition sing grounds for behaviors and calls for research for battling jobs that these households encounter. Casey ( 2012 ) has given an penetration by utilizing service users narrations and received positive responses from interviewees. However, her research does hold farther restrictions ; a little sample of 16 households, all of whom were at crisis point when they accepted working with the FIP ( Casey 2012 ) . Soloman ( 2012 ) claims that huge figure of vulnerable households are being left without any support. Casey ( 2012 ) made no mention to ethnicity and civilization of the households, hence giving no penetration into diverseness ( Clifford and Burke, 2009 ) . Bailey ( 2012 ) believes that the study breaches ethical criterion s for societal research, the households interviewed are participants in the FIP and hence had a power of countenance over them, therefore it may hold been hard for the households to worsen from the survey. No written information on the hazards of engagement was provided ; he besides suggests that ethical blessing was non applied for. Bailey, ( 2012 ) believes that there is a hazard of placing these households. Casey ( 2012 ) acknowledged that the information was non representative of 120,000 households but claims that it provides a sound footing for policy. Nevertheless, Bailey ( 2012 ) argues that there is no topographic point for unethical research in public policy devising. Comparative surveies were non conducted on households with similar economic and societal fortunes who are non described as troubled . Casey ( 2012 ) discussed intergenerational rhythms of maltreatment, force, intoxicant and drug abuse every bit good as worklessness being grounds for troubled households puting the unity on persons ( Levitas, 2012 ) . Kelly ( 2012 ) welcomes the Government s committedness to assistance households. He proposes that most parents on low incomes are good parents and believes that it is naif to blend unwellness, unequal lodging and poorness with substance abuse and offense. Kelly ( 2012 ) besides argues that many households involved with Family Action are socially stray, unseeable to back up services who struggle on low incomes instead than exposing anti-social behaviors. The instance surveies gave the parents position, nevertheless, the voice and sentiment of the kid was unheard. Ofsted ( 2010 ) found practicians concentrated excessively much on the dema nds of the parents and overlooked the deductions for the kid. The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child Article 12 declares, the positions of the kid must be respected, Article 3 provinces that the kid s best involvements must be a primary concern ( Unicef, 1992 ) . This essay will now discourse societal work pattern in relation to one of the households identified in Louise Casey s Report ( 2012 ) Chris and Julie ( appendix 1 ) . In the yesteryear, grownups like Chris and Julie who had larning disablements may hold been prevented from going parents, eugenic theories dominated, with the purpose to guarantee kids with similar disablements were non procreated ( Cleaver and Nicholson 2007 ) . However, in recent old ages attitudes are altering in favor of people with larning disablements giving them the same rights as other citizens sing gender and household life. An increased figure of people with larning troubles now have wider chances for independent life. Harmonizing to Haavik and Menninger ( 1981 cited in Booth and Booth, 1993, p 203 ) deinstitutionalization enabled many people with larning disablements to take part in their community. Duffy ( 2006, cited in Thompson et al 2008 ) , states that self-government is a nucleus rule in achieving citiz enship in western society. The displacement in sentiments and rules is apparent in authorities statute law and counsel therefore impacting on societal work pattern, for case ; Valuing Peoples: a new scheme for larning disablement for the twenty-first century ( 2001 ) , ( DoH 2001 ) and Valuing Peoples Now: The Delivery Plan ( 20102011 ) Making it go on for everyone gives counsel for all professionals back uping people with larning disablements populating in the community ( DoH 2011 ) . In relation to the instance scenario, Article 8 of The Human Rights Act 1998 ( .1 ) provides Chris and Julie with aˆÂ ¦ a right to esteem for private and household life, his place and correspondence ; nevertheless, any intervention with this right must be necessary and lawful with respect to public safety, national security, bar of public upsets and offense, or for the protection of rights and freedoms of others . Both Julie and Chris have a protected feature of disablement and hence under the Equality Act ( 2010 ) should be protected from direct and indirect favoritism from service suppliers. However, kids s rights are overriding and override those of their parents or carers ( DoH, 1998 ) . Access to larning disablement services in England was governed by Fair Access to Care Services ( FACS ) ( DoH, 2003 ) , until it was superseded by Puting Peoples First ( 2007 ) and highlighted the demand for a individualized Adult Social Care System ( DoH, 2007 ) . Emerson et Al ( 2005 ) found one in 15 grownups with larning disablements populating in England were parents and this research emphasised that about half of kids born to parents with learning disablements are at hazard from maltreatment and 20 five per cent no longer lived with their parents ( McGaw,2000 ) . Further research indicates that the bulk of services are as yet unequal in run intoing the demands of households with larning disablements ( McGaw 2000 ) . McInnis et Al ( 2011 ) likewise found complexnesss in finding eligibility for service users. They indicated that determinations sing eligibility are non merely determined by assessment consequences but by local authorities resources. They advocate equality and argue that alterations in appraisal tools are necessary when working with households with larning troubles. Chris and Julie reflect these findings as they merely received intercession when they faced troubles caring for their kids. The parental accomplishments theoretical account would be advantageous for practicians as it is designed to help the appraisal procedure when working with Chris and Julie. The theoretical account focuses on life accomplishments, familial history and entree to back up services. McGaw and Sturmey ( 1994 ) found that if troubles arise for parents in any of the three countries it Service users possibly uncooperative and loath to prosecute with services, possibly due to anxiousnesss and fright of effects. For illustration ; their kids being removed from their attention and their ain childhood experiences. Cultural consciousness and age appropriate intercessions are necessary to enable partnership working ( Egan, 2007 cited in Martin, 2010 ) . Horwath ( 2011 ) found that although some societal workers faced barriers to the Child-focused Assessment Framework, due to heavy work loads, clip limitations, public presentation marks and limited preparation chances. Others found that extra bureauc ratism gave them a security in their pattern. Smale, et Al. ( 1993 ) highlighted the undermentioned theoretical accounts of appraisal ; oppugning, procedural, and exchange theoretical account. The latter may be good when working in partnership with this household as the service users are viewed as experts and AIDSs their possible for working together towards ends. When working with households communicating can be complex ; effectual communicating would include active listening accomplishments, individual centred planning and intercession, besides avoiding the usage of professional jargon ( Anning et al, 2006 ) . The worker should be cognizant of non-verbal communicating and power instabilities in their working relationship ( DoH, DfES, 2007 ) . It may be advisable for this household to entree protagonism services to advance equality, societal inclusion and societal justness ( actionforadvocacy.org.uk, 2012 ) . Harmonizing to Yuill and Gibson ( 2011 ) , advocacy promotes anti-oppressive pattern. Horwath ( 2010 ) suggests positive relationships are built on trust. This echoes the individual centred rules of Rogers ( 1961, cited in Thompson et Al, 2008 ) enabling the practician to detect realistic emotional, bodily and behavioral responses from the kid and household, that are indispensable for effectual information assemblage for appraisals ( DoH 2006 ) . Martin ( 2010 ) argues in order to guarantee an apprehension of the service user narrative within a multi-professional context the practician should reflect and summarize and do accurate recordings. Information should be stored in conformity to the Data Protection Act, 1989 ( legislation.gov.uk ) and besides be shared efficaciously between multi-agencies and safeguarding sections ( Crippling, 2003 ) . Numerous kids have died from maltreatment and disregard in the United Kingdom ( Brandon et al, 2005 ) . In 2000, Victoria Climbie was subjected to inhuman treatment by her aunt and her spouse which resulted in her loss of life. Laming ( 2003 ) describes Victoria s decease as a gross failure of the system and inexcusable and recommended reforms ( 1.18 p.3 ) . In England, the authorities published the Framework for the Assessment of Children in Need and their Families ( DoH et al 2000 ) and extra policy counsel came approximately in Every Child Matters: Change for Children ( 2003 ) that made all professionals accountable for safeguarding, kid development, concentrating on early intercession, joint sense of duty and information sharing with incorporate forepart line services and an accent on kids carry throughing their possible ( dcsf.gov.uk 2012 ) . The undermentioned twelvemonth the Children Act ( 2004 ) Section 11 ( DfES, 2005 ) gave clear counsel on multi-agency working and provinc es that safeguarding kids is everyone s concern. The Children Act 1989 ( DoH,1989 ) and the Children Act 2004 ( DoH,2004a ) presently underpin kid public assistance pattern in England. The former Act considers the construct of a child in demand ( subdivision 17 ) and accentuates the importance household support services who both promote the kid s public assistance and assist precaution and assist parents in their function. In add-on Working Together to Safeguard Children ( 2010 ) gives extended counsel on collaborative working and defines functions and duties of professionals ( HM. Government 2010 ) . This counsel is soon being revised and reduced to relieve bureaucratism for professionals, nevertheless Mansuri ( 2012, cited in McGregor 2012 ) argues that the existent safeguarding concerns are unwieldy caseloads, plumping moral and cuts to back up staff and criticises the authorities for neglecting to confer with more practicians sing these alterations. An illustration for effectual working together that may profit the household in the instance scenario is Team around the Family ( TAF ) intercession. This encourages effectual, early designation of extra demand, it assesses strengths and is renewing in attack that provides the household chances for alteration and enhances multi-agency coaction ( cheshirewestandchester,2012 ) . Family mentoring services may besides be utile in this instance ( catch-22.2012 ) . Children s Services in England and Wales adhere to The Framework for the Assessment of Children in Need and their Families ( DoH et al 2000 ) . The Assessment Framework provides an ecological attack of the kid s developmental demands, rearing capacity, household and environmental factors. This ecological attack was championed by Bronfenbrenner, ( 1979, cited Martin, 2010 ) found that by integrating the microsystem, exosystem and macrosystem benefited both practicians and service users by enabling wider societies influences of civilization and economic fortunes to be considered in appraisal ( Wilson et al, 2011 ) . This evidenced- based model purposes to guarantee that the kid s public assistance is both promoted and protected ( Cleaver et al, 2004 ) . This model provides a consistent method of collating and analyzing information, therefore giving practicians a more consistent apprehension of the kid s developmental demands, the capacity of their parents and the influence of the drawn-out household and other environmental factors that impact on the household ( DoH al, 2000 ) . However, Garrett ( 2003 ; Rose, 2002 in Crisp et Al, 2007 ) believe that the underpinning grounds for the Framework for the Assessment of Children in Need and their Families ( 2000 ) is debatable. Howarth ( 2002 in Crisp et Al, 2007 ) suggests that attach toing specific counsel for kids from black and cultural minorities are less widely circulated than the model papers. Katz ( 1997, cited in Crisp et Al, 2007 ) accuses the model as being mechanistic checklists used by inexperient staff as informations aggregation tools and fring focal point on placing and run intoing the demands of kids ( Horwath, 2002 cited in Crisp et al 2007 ) . Similarly, Munro ( 2011 ) challenged all professionals to guarantee that our kid protection system is centred on the kid or immature individual, as she believes the system has lost its focal point on the kid s demands and experiences and has been excessively focused on regulations, time-frames in appraisal and processs. At present an initial appraisal is carried out 10 yearss from referral and a nucleus appraisal must be completed within 35 yearss of an Initial Assessment, and would be undertaken to originate kid protection enquires ( DoH et al, 2000 ) . Practitioners use duplicate trailing and prosecute other possibilities for the household ( scie-socialcareonline.org.uk ) . This may be ethically and emotionally hard for practicians ; they should guarantee supervising and adhere to their professional criterions of proficiency and moralss ( HCPC, 2012 ) . Munro ( 2011 ) urges the authorities to value professional expertness and revise statutory counsel on service intercession and bringing and calls for more focal point on understanding the implicit in issues that influenced professional pattern that resulted in Serious Case Reviews. Munro ( 2011 ) besides calls for reforming societal work preparation and arrangement proviso for pupils. The authorities accepted Munro s recommendations and alterations to the system will be implemented in 2012 ( DfE 2011 ) . Damien ( see appendix 1 ) meets the threshold standard for intercession under section17 ( 10 ) of The Children Act ( 1989 ) as his wellness or development may be significantly impaired without support services. At present he does non look to be at hazard of important injury, nevertheless a nucleus appraisal may be good in finding the appropriate support services ( HM Government, 2010 ) , examples include Youth Offending Teams ( YOT ) who deliver offense bar programmes ( youth-offending-team, 2012 ) , Particular Educational Needs Coordinators ( SENCO ) and larning wise mans provide support in educational scenes ( Good schools guide,2012 ) . It is critical throughout the appraisal procedure that practicians are non-judgmental and utilize brooding pattern and have an consciousness of transference and counter-transference to scatter any negative responses and feelings ( DoH, 2000 ; Wilson et Al, 2008 ) . The practician should pull on theories of human development through the lifetime every bit good as sociological, biological, psychological and psychosocial theories. For illustration ; biological theory would see familial influences, physical development and instinctual behavior whereas the sociological position would underscore the importance of societal factors ( Horwath, 2010 ) . It may be that the household are populating in poorness and had have non been in reception of full benefit entitlements or support services ; it would be advisable to reach relevant public assistance bureaus and seek professional aid for fiscal support to help this household ( family-action, 2012 ) . The Children Act ( 1989 ) states that for the bulk of kids their household is the most appropriate topographic point for them to populate. However, the local authorization has a responsibility of attention and Madison ( see appendix 1 ) demands to be accommodated under subdivision 20 of the Children Act ( 1989 ) , as she is a kid in demand ( subdivision 17 ) or a kid at hazard of important injury ( subdivision 47 ) . Chris and Julie have parental duty for their kids until they are adopted ( D of H, 1989 ; 2000 ; HM Government, 2010 ) . When measuring households the practician should hold an apprehension of theories that inform pattern. In relation to Erikson s ( 1982 ) theory of psychosocial phases of development, it could be suggested that Madison is in the 5th phase of development known as ; Identity and Repudiation versus Identity diffusion. This phase normally will happen between ages 12-18. Throughout adolescence kids are going more independent and developing a sense of ego. Madison could see confusion in this phase as she has spent clip in affinity and residential attention. Erikson ( 1982 ) believes with encouragement, support, and through personal geographic expedition striplings can go forth this phase with a strong individuality and way in life. If Madison fails to go through through this phase successfully she will be insecure about herself and her hereafter ( Erikson, 1982 cited in Wilson et al 2008 ) . Hamachek ( 1988 ) suggests this theory is equivocal in placing behavior of an person s psychological growing throughout different phases of development. Chris and Julie have had one kid adopted and have been unable to rear eight of their nine kids. During assessment practicians should hold an apprehension of attachment classs and associating behaviors ; it could be that some of Chris and Julies kids developed anxious-ambivalent fond regards. Role reversal may hold taken topographic point, therefore ensuing in the kids going angry about the undependability of the carer and perchance the ground for them exposing anti-social behaviors Ainsworth ( et al. , 1978 cited in Becket and Taylor, 2010 ) . Early fond regard theory was criticized for denying adult females equality in the workplace by connoting that the hazard of female parents go forthing their kids would be damaging to their kids s development ( Beckett and Taylor, 2010 ) . With respect to Julie and Chris, the local authorization could set about a pre-birth appraisal and multi-professional instance conference under ( subdivision 47 ) of the Children Act ( 1989 ) to measure parent ing capacity, household and environment, and their ability to prolong rearing to run into the kid s development and altering demands ( Department of Health 1989 ; Department of Health, 2010 ) . Specialist appraisal tools for parents with learning disablements would help the twosome in their apprehension and partnership planning ( McGaw, 2000 ; cited in Wallbridge, 2012 ) . Both Chris and Julie have completed a rearing class and this is positive as they had non done so antecedently ( Casey 2012 ) . Wallbridge ( 2012 ) claims successful support bundles offer intensive, uninterrupted preparation for parenting, for illustration group work and life accomplishments in the place, both parents experiencing valued are frequently positive accelerators of alteration. A recent authorities study ( 2012 ) nevertheless, identified the kid protection system as being reactive instead than proactive with respect to immature people accessing services. It warned that professionals gave the parents legion alterations to better their parenting accomplishments and kids were left to populate with inattentive parents ( publications.parliament.uk, 2012 ) This essay has critiqued the study Listening to Troubled Families by Louise Casey ( 2012 ) and found restrictions in the methodological analysis. It considered the demands of a household identified and critiqued the function and accomplishments of a societal worker in safeguarding. It has argued the importance of effectual multi-professional coaction, cognition of modern-day statute law, pattern and theories with respect to implementing partnership working to back up kids, households and carers. It besides identified external accounts ; poorness, isolation and late intercession can impact on these households. Munro ( 2011 ) urges the authorities to value professional opinions and alteration statutory counsel in order to assist safeguard kids. Bibliography Action for Advocacy ( 2012 ) Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.actionforadvocacy.org.uk/ [ Accessed 25th October 2012 ] Anning, A. Cottrell, D. Frost, F. Green, J. Robinson, M ( 2006 ) Developing Multi-professional Teamwork for Integrated Children s Services. England. Open University Press. Bailey, N ( 2012 ) The Listening to Troubled Families study is an ethical failure. 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( 2007 ) Parental Learning Disability and Children s Needs: Family Experiences and Effective Practice. London. Jessica Kingsley Publishers. Clifford, D and Burke, B ( 2009 ) Anti-Oppressive Ethical motives and Valuess in Social Work. London. Palgrave Macmillan. Crisp, B. , Anderson, M. , Orme, J and Lister, P. ( 2007 ) Assessment Models: A Critical Reflection, British Journal of Social Work, 37, pp.1059-1077 Daniel, B. Taylor, J. Scott, J ( 2009 ) Noticing and assisting the ignored kid. London: Department for kids, Schools and Families. Data Protection Act 1989 [ online ] Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1998/29/contents [ Accessed 30th October 2012 ] Davis, M. ( 2002 ) The Blackwell Companion to Social Work. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. Department of Health, Department for Education and Skills ( 2007 ) Good pattern counsel on working with parents with larning disablement [ online ] Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.dh.gov.uk/prod_consum_dh/groups/dh_digitalassets/ @ dh/ @ en/documents/digitalasset/dh_075118.pdf [ Accessed 10th November 2012 ] Department of Health ( 2001 ) Valuing Peoples: a new scheme for larning disablement for the twenty-first century. Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.dh.gov.uk/en/Publicationsandstatistics/Publications/PublicationsPolicyAndGuidance/DH_4009153 [ Accessed on 25th October 2012 ] Department of Health ( 2002a ) Fair Access to Care Services: Guidance on Eligibility Criteria for Adult Social Care. London. Departmentof Health. Department of Health ( 1989 ) An Introduction to the Children Act 1989. HSMO. London. Department of Health ( 1989 ) The Children Act 1989 [ online ] Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1989/41/contents [ Accessed on 11th October 2012 ] Department of Health, Home Office and Department for Education and Employment ( 2000 ) Model for the Assessment of Children in Need and their Families, London. Stationery Office. Department of Health ( 2003 ) The Victoria Climbie Inquiry: Drumhead Report of an Inquiry. London: Department of Health. Department of Health ( 2010 ) Working Together to Safeguard Children: A Guide to Inter-agency Working to Safeguard and Promote the Welfare of Children. Available atA : from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.education.gov.uk/publications/standard/publicationdetail/page1/DCSF-00305-2010. [ Accessed 10th October 2012 ] Department of Health ( 2010 ) Valuing Peoples Now: The Delivery Plan 2010-2011. Making it go on for everyone Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //base-uk.org/sites/base-uk.org/files/ [ user-raw ] /11-06/valuing_people_now_delivery_plan_2010-11.pdf [ Accessed 20th October 2012 ] Emerson, E. Malam, S. Davies, I Spencer, K. ( 2005 ) Adults with Learning Difficulties in England. London: Office for National Statistics Every Child Matters 2004 Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.dcsf.gov.uk/everychildmatters/ [ Accessed on 19th October 2012 ] Erikson, E ( 1982 ) The Lifecycle Completed, cited in Wilson, K. , Ruch, G. , Lymbery, M. , Cooper, A. Becker, S. , Brammer, A. , Clawson, R. , Littlechild, B. , Paylor, I. , Smith, R. ( 2008 ) Social Work: An debut to modern-day pattern. Essex. Pearson Education Limited. Equality Act 2010 [ online ] London Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2010/15/pdfs/ukpga_20100015_en.pdf [ Accessed on 25th October 2012 ] Family Action- Welfare Support Available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.family-action.org.uk/home.aspx? id=11578 Family Placements: Available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.barnardos.org.uk/fosteringandadoption/foster_adopt/fostering/fosteringandadoption_fostering_placements.htm [ Accessed on 17th October 2012 ] Family Action- Welfare Support Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.family-action.org.uk/home.aspx? id=11578 [ Accessed on 28th October 2012 ] Featherstone, B. ( 2006 ) Rethinking household support in the current policy context , British Journal of Social Work, 36 ( 1 ) , pp.5-19 Gardner, D.S. Tuchman, E. and Hawkins, R. ( 2010 ) Teaching Note ; A Cross-Curricular, Problem-Based Undertaking to Promote Understanding of Poverty in Urban Communities. Journal of Social Work Education Vol.46, ( 1 ) pp 147-156 Glaun, D and Brown, P. ( 1999 ) Motherhood, Intellectual Disability and Child Protection: Features of a Court Sample. Journal of Intellectual and Developmental Disability, 24 ( 1 ) , pp. 95-105. Hamachek, D ( 1988 ) Measuring Self-concept and Ego Development Within Erikson s Psychosocial Framework, 66, pp. 354-360. Haralambos, M. , Holborn, M. , Heald, R. ( 2002 ) Sociology Themes and Perspectives, Fifth edition, London. Collins. Health and Care Professions Council ( 2012 ) Standards of proficiency Social workers in England Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.hpc-uk.org/publications/standards/index.asp? id=569 [ Accessed on 17th November 2012 ] Hern, A. ( 2012 ) There are non 120,000 troubled households . 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The Guardian, [ online ] 19th July 2012 Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.guardian.co.uk/society/2012/jul/19/troubled-families-report-anecdote-evidence [ Accessed 21st October 2012 ] Levitas, R. ( 2012 ) Are 120,000 households responsible for a disproportional portion of society s ailments? Interviewed by Tim Harford, [ Radio plan ] BBC Radio 4, 20th May Martin, R ( 2010 ) Social Work Assessment. Exeter. Learning Matters Ltd. McGregor, K ( 2012 ) Child protection counsel Working Together cut to 21 pages. [ on-line ] June 2012 Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.communitycare.co.uk/articles/12/06/2012/118282/child-protection-guidance-working-together-cut-to-21-pages.htm [ Accessed 7th November 2012 ] McGaw, S ( 2000 ) What Works for Parents with Learning Disabilities? -Summary. P1 Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.barnardos.org.uk/wwparwld.pdf [ Accessed on 25th October 2012 ] McGaw, S. , Sturmey, P. ( 1994 ) Measuring parents with larning disablements: The parental accomplishments theoretical account. Child Abuse Review, Vol 13, ( 1 ) pg 36-51. McInnis, E. Hills, A. and Chapman, M ( 2011 ) Eligibility for statutory larning disablement services in the north-west of England. Journal of Learning Disabilities,5 ( 3 ) , pp.6-14 Munro, E ( 2011 ) A child-centred system: The Government s response to the Munro reappraisal of kid protection. Department for Education. Ofsted ( 2010 Learning lessons from serious instance reviews 2009-2010 ( 100087 ) , Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ofsted.gov.uk/resources/voice-of-child-learning-lessons-serious-case-reviews [ Accessed on 28th October 2012 ] Parr, S ( 2009 ) Family Intervention Projects: A Site of Social Work Practice, British Journal of Social Work, 39, pp.1256-127 Parton, N ( 1995 ) Neglect and Child Protection: The Political Context and the Practical Outcomes. 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[ on-line ] 18th July 2012 Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.childrenssociety.org.uk/news-views/press-release/statement-response-louise-caseys-report- % E2 % 80 % 98troubled-families [ Accessed on 8th November 2012 ] Particular Educational Needs Coordinators ( SENCO ) ( 2012 ) Available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.goodschoolsguide.co.uk/help-and-advice/special-needs-advice/sen-professional-help/29/the-special-educational-needs-coordinator-senco [ Accessed 7th November 2012 ] Spratt, T ( 2009 ) Identifying Families with Multiple Problems: Possible Responses from Child and Family Social Work to Current Policy Developments. British Journal of Social Work, 39 pp. 435-450 Thompson, J. , Kilbane, J. and Sanderson, H. ( 2008 ) Person Centred Practice for Professionals, England: Open University Press. The Human Rights Act 1998: Agenda 1 [ online ] London: ( HMSO ) Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1998/42/schedule/1 [ Accessed on 25th October 2012 ] Wallbridge, S. ( 2012 ) Guide to pre-birth appraisals. Community Care Inform [ online ] Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ccinform.co.uk/articles/2012/03/15/6622/guide+to+pre-birth+assessments.html [ Accessed: 9 November 2012 ] Welshman, J. ( 1999 ) The societal history of societal work: The issue of the job household 1949-70 , British Journal of Social Work, 29 ( 3 ) , pp.457-76 Welshman, J. ( 2012 ) Troubled Families: the lessons of history, 1880-2012 Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.historyandpolicy.org/papers/policy-paper-136.html # S4 [ Accessed on 20th October 2012 ] Young person Piquing Teams ( YOT ) ( 2012 ) Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.gov.uk/youth-offending-team [ Accessed 7th November 2012 ] Yuill, C. and Gibson.A ( 2011 ) Sociology for Social Work An Intoduction. London. SAGE Publications Ltd. United nations childrens fund: The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child ( 1992 ) : [ online ] Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.unicef.org/crc/files/Rights_overview.pdf [ Accessed on 1st November 2012 ] Word count: 3210

Medical Billing and Coding Essays

Medical Billing and Coding Essays Medical Billing and Coding Essay Medical Billing and Coding Essay Outline for Writing a Research Paper I. Introduction- begin with Thesis Statement: In one clear sentence state the focus of your paper. A. Key points (have at least three, but no more than five) 1. state each main point that you’ll be making in the paper 2. main point 3. main point 4. main point 5. main point Body of paper- outline the topic sentence and supporting research for each point you’ll be covering in the paper, beginning with point #1 stated in the introduction. A. Point 1- topic sentence idea 1. research concept a. supporting idea(s) b. connect to next concept 2. research concept a. supporting idea(s) b. onnect to next concept 3. research concept a. supporting idea(s) b. connect to next topic idea B. Point 2- topic sentence idea 1. research concept a. supporting idea(s) b. connect to next concept 2. research concept CONTINUE FORMAT 3. â€Å" â€Å" C. Point 3- topic sentence idea and CONTINUE FORMAT D. Point 4- topic sentence idea and CONTINUE FORMAT E. Point 5- topic sentence idea and CONTINUE FORMAT 1. 2. 3. after last point is made and supported, create a transition to summary and conclusion Summary paragraph- create a key summary sentence that declares a wrap-up of concepts to begin this paragraph A. Follow the summary sentence with clear sentences that summarize each of the main ideas that have been discussed in the body of the paper 1. summary of point 1 2. summary of point 2 3. summary of point 3 4. summary of point 4 5. summary of point 5 Conclusion- transition to the ending of your paper and final thoughts in a paragraph Reference page in alphabetical order by last name (see APA format online and note examples from Reference section in back of textbook, and remember to cite all of your references in the body of your text following a summary concept or quote) II. III. IV. V.

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Planning for Emergencies - Essay Example The causes may be different. However, the aftermath consisting of relief operations put up by governmental and non-governmental organizations are identical. They inevitably comprise the military, medical organizations including hospitals, social concerns, and trained volunteers. In terms of disaster management, there is no state as vulnerable and varied as Washington. Washington is a mountainous state and has a coastline making it vulnerable to avalanches, drought, earthquakes, floods, landslides, storms and wildfires. These are acts of nature or God. Man made disasters, other than terrorism, can happen due to hazards from abandoned mines, chemical wastes, and on lesser scale problems associated with dam breaches, nuclear mishaps, etc. Washington has large industries and business enterprises. This fact makes Washington quite vulnerable to terrorist attack. Acts of terrorism do not always happen by gun-totting misfits. They can get carried out through infringement of chemical, biological and even radio-active sources on a large scale. In order to handle disasters of either acts of God or human make, it is necessary to have in place a unique and ready organization equipped with the latest gadgets and trained thoroughly to carry out plans and analysis, and execute all operations from cutting through mangled steel and mortar debris to attending the victims who have either lost their lives or limbs. This is easier said than done because after the disaster has struck there is confusion and disorder. The confusion and disorder arise due to breakdown in the routine communication and transportation systems and people at the helm are grappling with right and wrong information. It is difficult to deal in situations where rumors are as ripe as reality and news of needy survivors or dead keep coming from all directions. In order to adequately meet all emergencies in the shortest time possible, it is necessary to have one chain of command and hand over all cases and responsibilities to this command. The question arises. Who will take up such responsibility This person must be of high moral stature, experienced, well informed, a team leader and capable of handling situations in high stressful conditions. He leads a team of trained, dedicated men and women who are conversant in handling emergency situations complete with capability in meeting mental and physical strain including medical care. This team must be capable of providing shelter, care and food to families and individuals affected by the disaster within the affected areas. A part of the team must be thorough in the field of medicine to provide medical care wherever needed. The need of hospitals and other medical centers is paramount in times of disaster. By the way, it is also important to keep away spectators and others who are there only to get a view of what is going on. The reporting system must adequately address dissemination of truthful information so that unnecessary crowding is avoided. Obviously, the size of the team providing care and

Discuss Biological Explanations of Schizophrenia Essay Example for Free

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Influences Of The Renaissance Upon The Founding Of America :: essays research papers

The Renaissance was the most influential time period in the discovery of America. During the Renaissance, which lasted from the 14th century to the 17th century, great advancements were made in methods of navigation. Also, the greatest goal of almost every nation and empire was to claim new lands and seize its riches. The desire for the land motivated some to move westward. Another motive to expand during the Renaissance was the will to convert the native "heathens" into Christians. The Renaissance, which began in Italy in the 1300s, was one of the largest periods of growth and development in Western Europe. Navigation was no longer limited to traveling about by land. Large fleets of ships were constructed, and great navigational schools, the best founded by Prince Henry the Navigator in Portugal, were founded. People were no longer tied to the lands they lived on, as they were in medieval times. They were freer to learn new skills and travel. These enabled people to go further than they had before. Fleets of ships were sent to the Eastern world to bring back treasures and valuable spices. Routes to Asia were traveled beginning in the early Renaissance. The most posing problems with the set routes to Asia, which went around the Cape of Good Hope and along the coast of Africa, were that it was very dangerous due to enemy colonies along the route and was also very long. These problems made some people, including Christopher Columbus, decide to turn to the west to find safer and faster routes to the riches of Asia. What they found was the Americas. Believing that he would reach Asia, Columbus accidentally found a new continent, full of new riches and unclaimed lands. All of this occurred near the end of the Renaissance, beginning with the founding of America in 1492, near the end of the 15th century. Europe flocked to this New World, and founded many colonies, including the Thirteen Colonies, founded by Great Britain, which later became the first states in the United States of America. From these colonies, they extracted the wealth of and gold and spices that they sought in Asia. Additionally, they would convert the native people of the lands to Christianity. Columbus saw himself as a messenger of G-d, who brought salvation to the natives by converting them. Missionaries were built wherever a colony was founded, and often along the route of an exploration.

Nature and Causes of Police Corruption Essay

Chapter-One 1.1. Introduction and background of the study Police corruption is a form of police misconduct in which law enforcement officers seek personal gain, such as money or career advancement, through the abuse of power, for example by accepting bribes in exchange for not pursuing, or selectively pursuing, an investigation or arrest. Police officers in Bangladesh, almost without exception, are corrupt and will do just as much to earn some money as any other poor Bengali. Remember that many police officers choose this job, because it puts them in a position where they can squeeze some money out of their fellow countrymen. Although studied and researched, the topic of police corruption, in large part, remains a mystery. Sir Robert Peel was credited with the concept that the police depend on citizen cooperation in providing services in a democratic society. As such, the detrimental aspects of police misconduct cannot be overstated. In terms of public trust for law enforcement, recent polls show that only 56 percent of people rated the police as having a high or very high ethical standard as compared with 84 percent for nurses. Over the past few decades, great strides have occurred in the law enforcement profession. To begin with, many police agencies have avoided hiring candidates who have low ethical standards and have identified those onboard employees early in their careers who might compromise the department’s integrity. In addition, research has discovered new methods of testing candidates for their psychological propensity to act ethically. However, unethical conduct by the nation’s police officers continues to occur in departments large and small. Research into police corruption offers some understanding of the phenomenon in the hope of rooting out this behavior that serves to undermine the overall legitimacy of law enforcement. Theories on the role of society in law enforcement, the negative influence of an officer’s department, and a person’s own natural tendency to engage in unethical behavior have been offered as explanations of police corruption. In Bangladesh most of the people is peace loving but they can’t live in peace because of corruption in every major department here. People are facing so many troubles in their everyday life by police corruption when they go to them or they are arrested  by police. Police are using several ways to corrupt people. People are also identifying the causes and reacting as they influenced by the police personnel. It is called that police of our country is one of the most corrupted department of our government. In this research paper the present corruption nature of our police and how people react about them, the causes of police corruption are mainly observed. Any discussion on police will be incomplete without a word about the origin and development of this institution. Originally, the word ‘police’ was used in a wider sense to connote the management of internal economy and the enforcement of governmental regulation in a particular country. With the passage of time, the term ‘police’ began to use in a much narrower sense to connote an agency of the State to maintain law and order and enforce the regulation of the code of Criminal Procedure. In the present context of Bangladesh, the term ‘police’ connotes a body of civil servants whose primary duties preservation of order, prevention and detention of crimes and enforcement of law. As pointed out by Ernest Fround, police functions generally relate to promoting public welfare by restraining and regulating the use of property and liberty of persons. Police force has been in existence in this country in one form or another from the very ancient time. The Mughal rulers in India also had a well organized police force for maintaining law and order in society. The police system during the Mughal period undoubtedly suited to the needs of a simple homogenous agricultural community, but it could not withstand the strains of political disorder and, therefore, with the decline of Mughal Empire, the system of police administration also collapsed. The British Government in India retained the system of policing prevailing in each province with modification. According to the regulation of 1816, village headmen were made ex officio heads of police also. They apprehend offender and forwarded them to District authorities. The Police Commission of 1860 recommended continuance of the prevailing system of rural policing with minor changes. The Police Act 1861, was enacted to † reorganize the police and to make it more effective instrument for the prevention and  detention of crime† as laid down in the preamble of the Act. The Government of Lord Curzon appointed another Commission called the Police Commission of 1902 to suggest measures for reform in police working. Surprisingly, the Commission instead of suggesting any measures for reform in the existing rural police highly commended the prevailing set-up. Though our country is now independent, it conveys the rules of Police Act 1861. 1.2. Statement of the problem of the study In Bangladesh illegal police surveillance has greatly shaped the police image and use of excessive force, rape and killing custody and other questionable practices raised serious questions about the legitimacy of the police. In our country, a police officer makes a prayer for ‘remand’ stating that the accused is involved in a cognizable offence and for the purpose of interrogation ‘remand’ is necessary. In sub section(2) of section 167 though it is not mentioned that ‘remand’ can be allowed for the purpose of interrogation, at present, the practice is that an accused is taken on ‘remand’ only for the purpose of interrogation or for extorting information from the accused through interrogation. There is no proper guideline as to when such prayer should be accepted and when rejected by the magistrate and this legal lacuna gives both the police officers and magistrates power to abuse the same. Police officers being motivated or dictated by the executive organ or out of their personal conflict or aggrandizement seek unreasonable remand under section 167 of the Code. Thus police get the easy opportunity for torturing people through remand. Article 35(4) of the constitution states that no person shall be compelled to be a witness against himself. So the provisions of the Cr. P.C. under section 167 are in direct contrast with the provisions of the constitution. This Cr. P.C. was passed by the British government back in 1898 when there is no fundamental rights as we have now in our constitution. The Indian National Police Commission of 1977 which made meaningful effort to reform the police system had the following to say on the control element â€Å"The crux of police reform in our country today is to secure professional independence for the police to function truly and efficiently as an  impartial agent of the law of the land and at the same time to enable the government to oversee police performance to ensure its conformity to law. But Bangladesh does not take any effort to reform her police department. The major problem for the police in our country is the lack of public confidence in police activities. It has been argued that public confidence in police is integral to social order, economic development and sound economic processes. Citizens view the quality of police service as an indicator of the quality of the government. Police who are untrustworthy create fear and anxiety. 1.3. Objectives of the study This research is mainly built for academic purpose. Its aim is to see what the perception of people about police corruption is. How they react to it and what reasons they identified for police corruption in Bangladesh. Specifically, the objectives of this research are as below: I. To see the nature of contemporary police corruption in Bangladesh. II. To find out the causes of police corruption. III. To see the patterns of police corruption. 1.4. Importance of the study Recently most police research was carried out by academics in a variety of disciplines, including Sociology, Law, Psychology and Economics. Criminology and Police Science (CPS) is a new and unique concept in Bangladesh. It is very important to conduct an academic research on the nature and causes of police corruption from this department. The study of the nature and causes of police corruption in Bangladesh is important for the following reasons: Firstly: the police are a citizen’s first link with the criminal justice. Find out the nature of police corruption is very much important to know about current police corruption. Secondly: it is very important for taking stapes to remove police corruption of Bangladesh. Thirdly: it is very  important for increasing public awareness about police activities and also for becoming responsible of police about their activities. Fourthly: it will help the government to take the necessary measures for preventing police corruption in Bangladesh. Research questions of the study I. What is the nature of contemporary police corruption? II. What are the causes of police corruption? III. What should we do to reduce Police corruption? Chapter-Two 2.1. Review of the literature of the Study: Pitts, (1999); In a CSCE News Release from Uzbekistan, Pitts stated â€Å"No democratic state can ever justify what reliable reports tell us about continuing torture, extorted confessions, or the planting the false evidence. Even in circumstances where a genuine threat exists to the well being of the state, rule of law and due process norms must be followed in order to insure that human rights are protected.† Sutherland (1697); The term police refer primarily to agents of the state whose function is the maintenance of law and order and the enforcement of regular criminal code. It is clear from the definition that the police force is directly related to the state government. The nature and characteristics of police expresses the nature of the government. Hagan, John (1986); Police has directed at preserving and reproducing security and order by particular means. Kobler (1980) has dramatized how ominous the police use of force can be. This research begins by noting that the police are the representatives of governmental authority who in the ordinary course of events legally are permitted to use force against citizens. It may be  evaluated differently by people with varying social interests, positions and values. Westly found in the course of his research that the police regard the public as their enemy, feeling that the demands of their occupation set them in conflict with the community. Police Regulation of Bengal (PRB); Regulation 33(a) of the Police Regulation of Bengal says, â€Å"No Police force can work successfully unless it wins the respects and good-will of the public and secures its cooperation. All ranks, therefore, while being firm in the execution of their duty, must show forbearance, civility and courtesy towards all classes†. Paranjape, N.V.,(2005); But it is unfortunate that in our society police is looked with fear, suspicion and distrust by the people. This public apathy towards the police demoralizes them to such an extent that policeman lose self-confidence and are hesitant firm step to violations of law because of apprehension of public criticism. Another potential cause which shatters public confidence on police is the increasing interference of politicians in the working of the police. The political pressure and compromises by the police officials are bound to make them corrupt, dishonest and inefficient. The police as a governmental organization has to serve two masters- one political head and the other departmental head. Politicians often consider police as their tool to meet their selfish ends and therefore oblige police personnel by rewarding them in various ways. The superior-subordinate relationship in police organization is guided by the principle, â€Å"lick the above and kick the below†. Such mentality is the characteristic of authoritarian superiors and their dominance over subordinates. Nurul Huda, former IGP, (2005); The reality, unfortunately, on ground is different from the legal process in Bangladesh. Before we venture to find out the causes of those behavioral aberrations that have a substantial bearing on the crime and order situation, we may list the deviations that are existing in our country: Misbehavior with complainants: There is a virtual absence of service orientation and many policemen fail to realize that the complainant at the police station is often an aggrieved person much like a patient who goes to the doctor, and any misbehavior with him would be construed as nothing short of demonic brutality. Other misbehavior: Verbal abuse and ill-treatment while on patrolling duty, harassment of innocent relatives during arrest, roughing up inmates during house search, ill-treatment of traffic violators, unnecessary pushing around during VIP protection and security arrangements cause a great deal of public discontent. Illegal detention: Several persons are rounded up supposedly as suspects and detained for longer period in the lock up. There are instances of innocent persons falling into the clutches of erratic policeman. Custodial violence: Perpetration of third degree torture on suspects in police custody is taken as a matter of routine by many policemen Excessive custodial violence has resulted into deaths. Crime and corruption done by police: There have been cases in which policemen associating themselves in crimes like rape, robbery, and extortion are on the rise. Although corruption is a malaise that has afflicted our society as a whole, corruption in police has an extremely deleterious implication for their overall image for two important reasons: one, being in uniform the corrupt policemen immediately catches public attention and two, since the complainant the police deal with is often a person with a grievance any corrupt demand imposed on him. Ram Ahuja (1996); People who fall in the clutches of the police generally complain of brutal behavior of the police towards them either at the time of arrest during interrogation or while in the police lock-up. Some of the common practices of policemen reportedly are: use of abusive language or degrading epithets, compelling suspect / accused / offenders to obey all orders, asking  embarrassing questions in the street, carrying out bodily searches on false pretexts and appropriating offenders money and belongings (wrist-watch etc.), repeated prodding with thick stick, holding out threats of violence if not obeyed and the actual use of physical force. The use of verbal abuse, insulting behavior, and physical violence on the part of the policemen arouses deep hostility against police. Many accused complain that they were interrogated by the police without sufficient evidence of accusation. Those who refuse to confess are often tortured or threatened to torture. A good number of accused persons in the courts that confessions from them were obtained not by the use of physical brutality but psychological cruelty like holding out a threat to criminally assault the accused person’s sister, or daughter, or wife, to arrest his old father or mother, to level additional charges of crimes against him and so forth. Lawrence Sherman (1974); Police corruption means accepting money or money’s worth for doing something that a policeman is under a duty to do or to exercise legitimate discretion for improper reason. Sherman has talked of three forms of police corruption: a) one form of corruption is that in which only a few isolated policeman accept bribes. b) the second form of corruption is that in which a large number of officers (lower and higher ranks) take bribes but they are not joined together to form networks of corruptions. c) the third form of police corruption is pervasive organized corruption. In this type, corruption is organized in a hierarchical authoritarian fashion. Many citizens are primarily frightened by crime, especially crime involving a sudden violent attack by a stranger. (Wilson & Kelling, 1982). People expect that police will save them from being victim of crime. But in our country many crime victims never call the police for various reasons such as: a) don’t believe that police can help them i.e., many believe that calling the police make no difference since police can neither capture the offender nor recover stolen property; b) cause too much inconvenience i.e. fear of harassment by the police; c) they are corrupt and would not help the victim without paying bribe to them. (Kashem, 2001). Vadackumchery, James (1997); There exists a feeling among the general public that the police does anything and many things with crime-doers for proving the guilt against them. The police can do so because they get the protection of law to do certain things they want to be done. For instance, if a policeman mishandles a crime doer in his custody, he can do so in complete isolation -away from the public visibility. The police have established a tradition. They were involving in informal arrests, illegal detention, torturing of suspects, concocting of evidence in criminal cases even before the Torture Commission was appointed in 1855. This long existed history created a tradition in which the people were conditioned to suffer and suffer eternally what the police did with crime-doers .Until recently and even today, people including the educated in society have been feeling that police can informally arrest people and detain them in their custody.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. The press is also more vigilant in this matter than it was earlier. Kashem, (2004); In a series of studies Kashem (2000, 2001, 2002) reports that the general public is dissatisfied with the quality of police work. On the average, between 80 and 85 percent of the citizens of Bangladesh believe that police are not doing good job and rate police work is extremely poor. Another study by Kashem (2002) also found that the level of politeness of police is very low. Sharma (1985); Sharma finds hostility or ruthless criticism of police efficiency and that police cases mostly fail because of the lack of public cooperation. The nature of policing in our country is reactive rather than proactive. So it is the citizens of the community, and not the police, who assume the initiating role in much modern police work. (Hagar, 1985). If people don’t believe as well as cooperate police, then how a good policing will be expected? James A. Inciardi, (2005); Misconduct by police officers in the forms of illegal activities for economics gain and accepting gratuities, favors, or payment for services  that police are sworn to carry out as part of their peacekeeping role. ree or discount meals are available to police officers in many American cities. Police officers have numerous opportunities to direct individuals to persons who can assist them for a profit. Police can also receive fees for referring arrested suspects to bail bond agents and defense attorney, (Kickbacks). Police officers accepting money from citizens in lieu of enforcing the law,(shakedowns). Involvement of police in predatory criminal activities, either directly or through complicity with criminals,(Planned theft and robbery). Police have numerous opportunities to pilfer valuable items. Typically involves jewelry and other goods from the scene of a burglary or from a suspect,(Opportunistic theft). 2.2. The Conceptual Framework of the study Police corruption Causes of police corruption Nature of police corruption Low salary Bribes Power Kickbacks Personal gain Gratuities Poverty Shakedowns Lack of morality Theft of property Falsifying evidence Political pressure Abuse of power The police are a citizen’s first link with the criminal justice. When a crime occurs, the police are usually the first agents of the state to become involved. But the police also abuse their power for fulfill illegal desire. They commit various types of corruption, these are: bribes, kickbacks, gratuities, theft of property, falsifying evidence and shakedowns etc. The police officer do these corruptions for some of the main reason such as low salary, political pressure, personal gain, greediness, lack of morality, poverty of availability of bad money etc. 2.3. Theoretical framework of the study One prominent sociological approach to understanding police behavior is based on the premises that police behavior is influenced by the social dynamics of police-citizen encounters. For example, Donald Black’s sociological theory of law holds that the â€Å"quantity of law† is influenced by the social attributes of concerned parties -victims and suspects, or plaintiff and defendants, as well as the agents of social control themselves. From this theoretical perspective, situational factors (Sherman 1980a) are the cues on which officers form judgments about how incidents should be handled. The key theoretical influences are symbolic internationalism and labeling perspective, which saw policing as an important process in shaping the patter of deviance through the exercise of discretion. (Reiner, Robert 2001). The deviant behavior of police comes to people’s sight when they interact with people. This interaction may occur through newspapers. Organizational explanation (blue curtain theory): Organizational explanation have shown that corrupt behavior arise through the development of an informal structure within the police department, an infrastructure that provides an officer with the opportunity to not only break the rules but also a transgression that is encouraged and supported by a sub-cultural code of beliefs. It is a set of informal norms that can be followed by police officers when they encounter an occupational uncertainty. These informal norms may be characterized as code of silence, unquestioned loyalty to other officers, and cynicism about the criminal justice system. The so-called blue curtain of silence – the refusal of officers to testify against other officers – is one of the major factors protecting and maintaining police corruption. Again, the most important organizational variable is leadership: the quality of management and supervision. Corruption flourishes in departments that tolerate it. Individual officers are more likely to succumb if they believe they won’t be caught or, if caught, punishment will not be severe imposed by the organization. Individual officer explanation (rotten-apple theory): Individual explanations acknowledge that a small number of police officers were responsible for a disproportionate number of acts of police misconduct. This explanation points toward a predisposition on the part of the officer as pivotal, rather than the officer being lured into wrongdoing. Whether a police officer chooses to engage in corrupt behavior has more to do with his or her personal benefit from an act than a submissive affinity for the deviant infrastructure. In other words, the corrupt officers consciously exercise discretion to engage in prohibited conduct. In most cases, officers who are engaged in corruption have a previous record of misconduct. Only officers having a moral degradation pursue to be corrupted. This theory is appealing because it emphasizes the moral failings of one or more individuals, provides convenient scapegoats, and avoids dealing with more difficult issues. It also points in the direction of simple remedy. Psychological approach highlights variations among officers in their behavioral dispositions, variation that is observed by the sociological approach. This perspective directs attention to the outlooks and personality traits that presumably produce different responses to similar situations by different officers. From this theoretical perspective, officers who are the  most likely to use force could be expected to (a) conceive the police role in narrow terms, limited to crime-fighting and law enforcement, (b) believe that this role is more effectively carried out when officers can use force at their discretion, and (c) regard the citizenry as unappreciative at best and hostile and abusive at worse. Chapter-Three 3.1. Research Methodology Methodology is a system of explicit rules and procedures upon which research is based and against which claims for knowledge are evaluated. Methodology contains the overall process of a study. This study shows a property-disposition relationship among the variables. Here property means the individual respondents and disposition is the perception of people towards police corruption. This research is mainly primary research. This research is also a quantitative research. Quantitative research is that research which is studied depending on the quantitative data. 4.2. Field selection Delduar thana of Tangail district was selected as the field of the study. In this area crime rate is high for the last few years so this area had been selected to collect expected data from the respondents. Some of the major union of this thana had been selected as the field of this research so that these area can represent the thana well. 3.3. Population and Sample Selection The entire set of relevant units of analysis, or data, is called the population. In this research the selected populations were very much involved with daily life activities and had idea about police activities. Because all of them was victims of police corruption somehow in their life. The sample was selected purposively from the population. Respondents who were willing to respond the questions noted in the questionnaire and who had  available time to give necessary information. Data were collected from 33 (thirty-three) respondents. Although thirty three (33) respondents is not enough for this study but these respondents expresses the overall situation of the area about this research well. So the sample size was very small (33). 3.4. Data Collection Methods and Techniques Survey method was used in this research for data collection. Face to face question interview was applied for the collection of data. A questionnaire schedule was obtained with some questions. Then the respondents were asked those questions to answer. The answers given by the respondents were noted in the questionnaire form. 3.5. Data Processing and Analysis The collected data were coded carefully for analysis. This processing (included coding) was done with the help of Microsoft excel SPSS program through computer. Several levels of statistical analysis are performed in conducting analysis stage. Frequency tables (i.e. frequency distribution) are made for univariate analysis. Cross table are made for the bivariate analysis. 3.6. Working Definition of the study Police: Police refers to state organizations employing professionals who are trained and equipped as specialists in policing who has the authority to enforce and maintain law. Corruption: The illegal commission or omission of an act which violate law is called corruption. Corruption is infringement of expectations of norms and rules. Police corruption: Herman Goldstein defines police corruption as â€Å"acts involving the misuse of authority by a police officer in a manner designed to produce personal gain for himself or for others†. Police corruption means  the deviation of police from their expected legal duties. Victim: A victim is a person who suffers from something. Here a victim is a person who is victimized by police for corruption. Chapter-Four 4. Research Findings Selected area for the present research is Delduar Thana of Tangail District. The sample size is very small. However, they have experienced many experiences during the interaction with police. Consequently, they also have a perception of their own about the police. Here the information given by respondents of the study are noted below: 4.1. Factual Information of the Respondent s Univariate Analysis Table-4.1: Age of the respondents Age limit(years)| Frequency| Percent| Cumulative frequency| 20-25| 9| 27.27| 9| 26-30| 7| 21.21| 16| 31-35| 4| 12.12| 20| 36-40| 4| 12.12| 24| 41-45| 6| 18.18| 30| 46-50| 3| 9.09| 33| Total| 33| 100| | This table-4.1, shows the age of the respondents ranges from 20 to 50 years. Most of the respondents age are less then 36. Maximum, that means 27.27 percent (28.8%) respondents belong in 20-25 (years) age-group. Moreover, the age of the respondents are normally distributed. But the number of having the age more than 46 years is very few. Table-4.2: Years of schooling of the respondents Years of schooling| Frequency| Percent| 05| 6| 18.18| 06| 2| 6.06| 07| 1| 3.03| 08| 2| 6.06| 10| 7| 21.21| 11| 1| 3.03| 12| 3| 9.09| 15| 5| 15.15| 16| 4| 12.12| 17| 2| 6.06| Total| 33| 100| Table-4.2 Shows that, the years of schooling of the respondent ranges from 05 to 17 (Primary to Masters). Here years of schooling 5 means Primary, 10 means S.S.C, 12 means H.S.C, 16 means Bachelor Degree and 17 means Masters. The maximum, in presentence is 21.21 percent (21.21%) respondents years of schooling are 10 (S.S.C), 9.090 percent (9.09%) respondents years of school are 12 (H.S.C). Only 6.06 percent (6.06%) respondents years of schooling are 17 (Masters). Table-4.3: Income of the respondents Income limit| Frequency| Cumulative frequency| Percent| 2000-4500| 12| 12| 36.36| 4501-6000| 4| 16| 12.12| 6001-8500| 7| 23| 21.21| 8501-12000| 6| 29| 18.18| 12001-14500| 2| 31| 6.06| 14501-18000| 2| 33| 6.06| Total| 33| | 100| From this table we see that income of the respondents ranges from Tk. 2000 to 16000. About 36.36 percent (36.36%) of the respondent’s income between Tk. 2000 to 4500, And then about 12.12 percent (12.12%) of the respondents income between Tk.4501 to 6000, 21.21 percent (21.21%) respondents income between Tk. 6001 to 8500, 18.18 percent (18.18%) of the respondent income between Tk. 8501 to 12000, 6.06 percent (6.06%) of the respondents income Tk. 12001 to 18000. So, maximum respondents’ income limits 2000 to 4500 Tk. Table-4.4: Occupation of the respondents Occupation| Frequency| Percent (%)| Cumulative frequency| Public service| 2| 6.06%| 2| Private service| 5| 15.15%| 7| Business| 13| 39.39%| 20| Labor| 11| 33.33%| 31| Student| 2| 6.06%| 33| Total| 33| 100%| | From the above table-4.4 we see that 6.06 percent (6.06%) of the respondents have public service, 15.15 percent (15.15%) of the respondents are involve in private service, 39.39 percent (39.39%) of the respondent are businessman, 33.33 percent (33.33%) of the respondents are labor and 6.06 percent (6.06%) of the respondents are student. The highest amount is occupied by the respondents, who are involved with business. Figure-4.1. Knowledge of the respondents about state law The figure-4.1 shows that maximum, that mean 51.51 percent (51.51%) of the respondents have less knowledge about state law. 36.36 percent (36.36%) of the respondents have no knowledge about state law and about 12.12 percent (12.12%) of the respondents have much knowledge about state law. Table-4.5: Knowledge of the respondents about human right Knowledge level| Frequency| Cumulative frequency| Percent| Much| 6| 6| 18.18| Less| 13| 19| 39.39| Not at all| 14| 33| 42.42| Total| 33| | 100| Figure-4.2. knowledge of the respondents about human right The above table-4.5 and figure-4.2 show that, 42.42 percent (42.42%) of the respondents have no knowledge about human right. 39.39 percent (39.39%) of the respondents have less knowledge about human right. 18.18 percent (18.18%) of the respondents have much knowledge human right. Figure-4.3. Knowledge of the respondent about police law The figure-4.3 shows that maximum that mean 60.60 percent (60.60%) of the respondents have no knowledge about police law. 36.36 percent (36.36%) of the respondents have less knowledge about the police law and only 12.12 percent (12.12%) of the respondents have high knowledge about police law. Table-4.6: Attitude of the respondent towards police. Attitude| Frequency| Percent| Cumulative frequency| Good| 4| 12.12| 4| Bad| 23| 69.69| 27| No idea| 6| 18.18| 33| Total| 33| 100| | Figure-4.4. Attitude of the respondent towards police. The table-4.6 and figure-4.4, show that the attitudes of the maximum, that mean 69.69 percent (69.69%) of the respondents towards police are bad. Only 12.12 percent (12.12%) of the respondent’s attitudes towards police are good and 18.18 percent (18.18%) of the respondents have no idea. Table-4.7: Believe of the respondents about â€Å"police are corrupted†. Police are corrupted| Frequency| Cumulative frequency| Percent| Yes| 31| 31| 93.93| No| 2| 33| 6.06| Total| 33| | 100| Figure-4.5. Believe of the respondents about â€Å"police are corrupted† The table-4.7 and figure-4.5 show that 93.93 percent (93.93%) of the respondents believe that â€Å"police are corrupted†. That means maximum respondents believe that â€Å"police are corrupted†. Only 6.06 percent (6.06%) of the respondents not believe that â€Å"police are corrupted†. Table-4.8: Facing corruption of police by the respondents at police station. Faced corruption| Frequency| Percent| Cumulative frequency| Yes| 31| 93.939| 33| No| 2| 6.060| 33| Total| 33| 100.00| | Figure-4.6. Facing corruption of police by the respondents at police station The above table-4.8 and figure-4.6 show that maximum respondents faced corruption of police at police station; in percentage 93.93 percent (93.93%) of the respondents faced corruption of police at police station. Only 6.06 percent (6.06%) of the respondents are not faced corruption of police at police station. Table-4.9: Nature of corruption faced outside of the police station Nature of corruption| Frequency| Cumulative frequency| Percent| Gratuities| 3| 3| 9.090| Bribes| 22| 25| 66.666| Theft of property| 1| 26| 3.030| Falsifying evidence| 4| 30| 12.121| Kickbacks| 2| 32| 6.060| Shakedowns| 1| 33| 3.030| Total| 33| | 100.00| Figure-4.7. Nature of police corruption outside of the police station The table-4.9 and figure-4.7 show that maximum respondents faced â€Å"bribes† as a police corruption; in percentage 66.66 percent (66.66%) of the respondents faced â€Å"bribes† as a police corruption. About 9.09 percent (9.09%) of the respondents faced â€Å"gratuities† as a police corruption. And about 3.03 percent (3.03%) of the respondents faced, theft of property and shakedowns† as police corruption. 12.12 percent (12.12%) of the respondents faced â€Å"Falsifying evidence† as a police corruption and 6.06 percent (6.06%) of the respondents faced â€Å"kickbacks† as police corruption. Figure-4.8. Causes of producing corruption by police outside of the police station The figure-4.8 shows that, in maximum time low salary is the main causes of police corruption. In percentage 39.39 percent (39.39%) respondents said that low salary is the main cause of police corruption. 6.060 percent (6.06%) said lack of morality is a cause of police corruption. 9.09 percent (9.09%) of respondents said power of the police is a cause of police corruption. 3.03 percent (3.03%) of the respondents said greediness is a cause of police corruption. 18.18 percent (18.18%) said personal gain is a cause of police corruption. And about 24.2 percent (24.24%) said political pressure is the another main cause of police corruption. Table-4.10: Nature of corruption faced at police station. Nature of police corruption| Frequency| Percent (%)| Gratuities| 02| 06.06%| Bribes| 18| 54.55%| Theft of property| 03| 09.09%| Falsifying evidence| 04| 12.12%| Kickbacks| 03| 09.09%| Shakedowns| 03| 09.09%| Total| 33| 100%| The table-4.10 shows that maximum respondents faced â€Å"bribes† as a police corruption; in percentage 54.55% respondents faced â€Å"bribes† as a police corruption. About 09.09% respondents faced theft of property, kickbacks and shakedown as police corruption at police station separately 12.12% respondents faced â€Å"falsifying evidence† as a police corruption. And about 06.06% respondents faced â€Å"gratuities, as police corruption at police station and it is minimum percentage of police corruption faced by respondents at police station. Table-4.11: Causes of producing corruption by police at police station. Causes of police corruption| Frequency| Percent (%)| Low salary| 21| 63.64%| Lack of morality| 02| 06.06%| power| 03| 09.09%| greediness| 01| 03.03%| Personal gain| 04| 12.12%| Political party pressure| 02| 06.06%| Total| 33| 100.00%| The table-4.11 shows that, in maximum times police are corrupted for their lower salary. About 63.64 percent (63.64%) police corruptions are occurred at police station for low salary of the police personnel in our country. On the other hand minimum police corruption is occurred at the police station for the greediness of the police in percentage is 03.03%. For lack of morality and political party pressure is 06.06%. for personal gain is 12.12% and for police’s power is 09.09% police corruptions are occurred at police station. Table-4.12: Facing police corruption after arrest Faced corruption| Frequency| Percent (%)| Yes| 23| 92.00%| No| 02| 08.00%| Total| 25| 100.00%| This table-4.12 shows that maximum respondents faced corruption of police after being arrested by police; in percentage 92% respondents faced corruption of police after arrest. Only 8% respondents are not faced corruption of police after arrest. Table-4.13: Nature of corruption faced after arrest by the respondents Nature| Frequency| Percent (%)| Gratuities| 01| 04.35%| Bribes| 13| 56.52%| Theft of property| 02| 08.70%| Falsifying evidence| 03| 13.04%| Kickbacks| 02| 08.70%| Shakedowns| 02| 08.70%| Total| 23| 100.00%| This table-4.13 shows that maximum respondents faced bribes as a police corruption after arrest; in percentage 56.52% respondents faced bribes as a police corruption after being arrested. About 13.04% respondents faced falsifying evidence, 04.35% respondents faced gratuities and 08.70% faced theft of property, kickbacks and shakedowns, as a police corruption arrest. So minimum respondents faced gratuities as police corruption and in percentage is 04.35%. Table-4.14: Causes of police corruption after arrest Causes| Frequency| Percent (%)| Low salary| 14| 60.86%| Lack of morality| 01| 04.35%| Power | 02| 08.70%| Greediness | 01| 04.35%| Personal gain| 03| 13.04%| Political party pressure| 02| 08.70%| Total| 23| 100.00%| The table-4.14 shows that, maximum police corruptions at police station are produced by the police personnel for their lower salary and in percentage 60.86%. On the other hand the lowest police corruption is produced for lack of morality and greediness of the police. 13.04 percent (13.04%) police corruption is occurred for personal gain and power, political party pressure is responsible for 08.70% police corruption after arrest. Bivariate Analysis Cross Table Cross table-1: Nature of corruption faced outside of the police station vs. Causes of producing corruption by police outside of police station Outside of the police station| Causes of producing corruption by police outside of police station| Total| | Low salary| Lack of morality| power| greediness| Personal gain| Political party pressure| | Nature  of corruption faced outside of the police station| Gratuities| 01, 3.03%| 00, 0%| 00, 0%| 00, 0%| 01, 3.03%| 01, 3.03%| 03, 9.09%| | Bribes| 08, 24.24%| 01, 3.03%| 02, 6.06%| 00, 0%| 05,15.15%| 06, 18.18%| 22, 66.66%| | Theft of property| 00, 0%| 01, 3.03%| 00, 0%| 00, 0%| 00, 0%| 00, 0%| 01, 3.03%| | Falsifying evidence| 02, 6.06%| 00, 0%| 01, 3.03%| 00, 0%| 00, 0%| 01, 3.03%| 04, 12.12%| | Kickbacks| 01, 3.03%| 00, 0%| 00, 0%| 01, 3.03%| 00, 0%| 00, 0%| 02, 6.06%| | Shakedowns| 01, 3.03%| 00, 0%| 00, 0%| 00, 0%| 0, 0%| 00, 0%| 01, 3.03%| Total | 13, 39.39%| 02, 6.06%| 03, 9.09%| 01, 3.03%| 06,18.18%| 08, 24.24%| 33, 100%| This cross table-1 shows that maximum respondents were faced â€Å"bribes† as a police corruption outside of the police station, in these cases the low salary was main reason for the police corruption. In percentage it is 24.24% Cross table-2: Nature of corruption faced at the police station vs. Causes of producing corruption by police at police station Outside of the police station| Causes of producing corruption by police at police station| Total| | Low salary| Lack of morality| power| greediness| Personal gain| Political party pressure| | Nature of corruption faced at the police station| Bribes| 14, 42.42%| 00, 0%| 02, 06.06%| 00, 0%| 02, 06.06%| 00, 0%| 18, 54.55%| | Gratuities| 01, 03.03%| 00, 0%| 00, 0%| 01, 03.03%| 00,0%| 00, 0%| 2, 06.06%| | Theft of property| 02, 06.06%| 01, 3.03%| 00, 0%| 00, 0%| 00, 0%| 00, 0%| 03, 09.09%| | Falsifying evidence| 02, 6.06%| 00, 0%| 01, 3.03%| 00, 0%| 00, 0%| 01, 3.03%| 04, 12.12%| | Kickbacks| 01, 3.03%| 01, 03.03%| 00, 0%| 00, 0%| 00, 0%| 01, 03.03%| 03, 09.09%| | Shakedowns| 01, 3.03%| 00, 0%| 00, 0%| 00, 0%| 02, 06.06%| 00, 0%| 03, 09.09%| Total | 21, 39.39%| 02, 6.06%| 03, 09.09%| 01, 03.03%| 04,18.18%| 02, 24.24%| 33, 100%| This cross table-2 shows that maximum respondents were corrupted by the police at the police station for taking bribes from them and the low salary is the main reason for being corrupted of the respondents by the police at  police station and in percentage it is 42.42%. So at police station the main nature of police corruption is bribe and it is more than outside of the station. Cross table-3: Facing corruption of police after arrest vs. causes of producing corruption by police after arrest. After arrest| Causes of police corruption after arrest| Total| | Low salary| Lack of morality| power| greediness| Personal gain| Political party pressure| | Facing corruption of police after arrest| Yes| 14, 60.86%| 01, 04.35%| 02, 08.70%| 01, 04.35%| 03, 13.04%| 02, 08.70%| 23, 100%| | No| 00, 0%| 00, 0%| 00, 0%| 00, 0%| 00, 0%| 00, 0%| 00, 0%| Total| 14, 60.86%| 01, 04.35%| 02, 08.70%| 01, 04.35%| 03, 13.04%| 02, 08.70%| 23, 100%| This cross table shows that maximum respondents were faced police corruption after arrest for the low salary of the police. About 60.86 percent (60.86%) respondents were being corrupted by the police after arrest for sol salary. Chapter-Five 5. Case studies 5.1. Case study: 01 Khokon was a student of Pathrail M.L. High School, Delduar, Tangail. He did court marriage a Hindu girls. He was a child of a middle class family and the girl was a child of a high class Hindu family. The girl was willing for the court marriage but the girls family wasn’t agreed of the marriage. They make a false case of women kidnapping in Delduar Thana and Khokon were responsible for kidnapping their girl. He was made the main criminal for the kidnappimg. One day the police caught Khokon from his house with the girl. They return the girl to her parents after taking a large sum of bribe from the girls family and brought Khokon to Thana. They tortured him very much and after some days the case was dismissed without prosecution in the court. They also demanded and took bribes from Khokon’s family. I took this cases because, I think this cases is a better example of police corruption. The causes of police corruption according to this case is low or small salary, greediness, power of police etc. 5.2. Case study: 02 Mohammad Roton, nick nake Roton 32 years old, is a businessman. He was also a political person. One day he was going to main town for his occupational necessity with the help of his motor-bike. On way, he was stopped by police and asked for his driving license as well as the license of his motor-bike. But at that moment the license of his bike was not with him, though he has no driving license at all. For this he was quite unable to show his licenses. The police demanded money as bribe to Mohammad Roton, instead of booking a case against him. The police officer showed fear to him that if he didn’t pay the money demanded, he would be harassed. For this he was bound to give money instead of going through a legal process. He also has enough bad money From this case, we see that denying law and having bad money increase the opportunity of police corruption. Chapter-Six 6. Summary and Concluding Remarks 6.1 Summary: The police are a citizen’s first link with the criminal justice. But the police abuse their power for fulfill illegal desire. This research finds out the nature of police corruption and the causes of police corruption. General people’s perception towards police is not good. Most of the people believe that police are corrupted. Police exhibit some common types of corruption, these are: bribes, kickbacks, gratuities, theft of property, falsifying evidence, shakedowns and physical torture. The police officer do corruption because of low salary, political pressure, for personal gain, lack of morality, greediness, availability of bad money and their types of job or power of police. 6.2. Concluding Remarks: Though purposive sampling has been used in this research from some of the homogenous cases. So, I think this research find out the nature and causes of Bangladesh police. Most of the general people of our country think that  the police of Bangladesh are corrupted. Bangladesh police is the high corrupted department of Bangladesh government. Bangladesh police are providing low salary and they are not morally strong. Bangladesh police has also political arty pressures, poverty of police personnel mainly who are lower in rank. These inspire them to do corruption. The job nature and power is also a reason for police corruption we see in the study. Police officer mostly takes bribes, kickbacks, gratuities, do physical torture for bribes. This research shows that most police personnel corrupted for taking bribes, physical tortures, falsifying evidences, theft for the suspect, proving information etc. people keep bad idea on police, they think that police are not good person. So to prevent police corruption these reasons have to be removed. The salary of the police personnel have to be increased enough, they have to provide moral education so they do their duties honestly. Public perception on police have to exchanged from bad to good by the police person doing well behave with them. 1.5. Limitations of the study This research has many problems and limitations, such as: I. The hypothesis and some other test such as chai-test, correlation are not shown here. II. In this research purposive sampling has been used so the other population’s opinion was avoided and the sample size was small. III. Sufficient data can’t be found because of want of some other technical method. IV. More questions should be used to collect more effective data about this research topic but the questions were less than needed. 6.3. Bibliography Ahuja, Ram, (1996): Sociological Criminology. New Age International (P) Limited, India. Bohm, Robert M. and Haley, Keith N. (2002): Introduction to Criminal Justice, third edition. Glencoe McGraw-Hill. Frankfort-Nachmias, Chava and Nachmias, David (1997): Research Methods in the Social Sciences, Fifth edition, St. Martin’s Press, lnc., New York. Haque, ANM Nurul. The Ferocity of the Police, In The Daily Star.3rd July, 2006 Hughes, Michael and Kroehler, Carolyn J.(2000): Sociology,6th edition, McGraw-Hill companies, Inc., New York. Huda, Mohammad Nurul. Controlling Crime and All That. In The Daily Star- 29th July,2006. Kashem, Mohammad B.(2002): Preventing Crime: Police and Crime Control in Bangladesh. Khasrul Alam Quddusi, Kazi SM, Assistant Professor, Department of Public Administration, University of Chittagong. Use of Hartal and Police, In The Daily Star,9th JuIy,2006. Malek, Adam. Police Remand. In The Daily Jugantar, 4th January, 2006. Paranjape, N.V., (2005): Criminology and Penology. Central Law Publication, Allahabad-2, India. Pearson, Judy; Nelson, Paul; Tetsworth, Scott; and Harter, Lynn, (2004): Human Communication. McGraw-Hill Companies, New York. Police Activities: A Study on Three Police Stations, (2004): Transparency International Bangladesh. Putwain, David and Sammons, Aidan (2002): Psychology and Crime. Taylor and Francis Group. Quinney, Richard(1979):Criminology. Little, Brown and Company (Canada) Limited. Reiner, Robert (2001): Introduction: what Is Police Research? In Doing Research in Crime and Criminal Justice. Sanders, William B., (1983): In Criminology, Addison-Wesley Publishing Company. Schaefer, Richard T., (2004): Sociology: A Brief Introduction, Fifth edition, McGraw Hill Companies, New York. Stotland, Ezra and Berberich, John. (1979): The Psychology of the Police. In Psychology of Crime and Criminal Justice. Universal Declaration of Human Rights. In United Nations Civilian Hand book. (1995): United Nations Department of Peace-keeping operation. Vadackumchery, James (1997): Indian Police and Miscarriage of Justice. A.P.H. Publishing Corporation. New Delhi. Wilson, James Q. & Kelling, George L. (1982): Broken Windows. In Atlantic Monthly. In Urban Society, 11th edition. McGraw-Hill company. Worden, Robert E. (2001): The causes of Police Brutality: Theory and Evidence on Police Use of Force. Mawalana Bhashani Science and Technology University Department of Criminology and Police Science. Survey Questionnaire (All the below information only will be used for research purpose. A respondent can answer the following question without any fear or hesitation) 1. Age: (Specific) 2. Gender: (1) Male (2) Female 3. Marital status: (1) Married, (2) Unmarried, (3) Widow. 4. Years of Schooling: (Specific) 5. What is your occupation? (1) Public service, (2) Private Service, (3) Business, (4) Labor. 6. What is your income? (Specific) 7. How much knowledge you have about the State Law? (1) Very much, (2) Much, (3) Less, (4) Not at all. 8. How much knowledge you have about the Police Law? (1) Very much, (2) Much, (3) Less, (4) Not at all. 9. How much knowledge you have about the Human Right? (1) Very much, (2) Much, (3) Less, (4) Not at all. 10. What is your attitude towards police? (1) Good, (2) Bad, (3) No idea. 11. Are you believed Police are corrupted? (1) Yes, (2) No. 12. If yes, why? Ans. 13. Have you ever been to police station in order to any service? (1) Yes, (2) No. 14. If yes, why? Ans. 15. If yes, did you face any problem at police station? (1) Yes, (2) No. 16. If yes, what types of problem did you face? (1) Gratuities, (2) Bribes, (3) Theft of property, (4) Falsifying evidence, (5) Kickbacks, (6) Shakedowns, (7) †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 17. Have you meet with police for any cause? (1) Yes, (2) No. 18. If yes why? Ans. 19. If yes, did you face any problem? (1) Yes, (2) No. 20. If yes, what types of problem did you face? (1) Gratuities, (2) Bribes, (3) Theft of property, (4) Falsifying evidence, (5) Kickbacks, (6) Shakedowns, (7) †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 21. Why did police produce that problem according to your view? 22. Had you ever been arrested by police? (1) Yes, (2) No. 23. If yes, why? Ans. 24. If yes, did you face any problem after arrest? (1) Yes, (2) No. 25. If yes, what types of problem did you face? (1) Gratuities, (2) Bribes, (3) Theft of property, (4) Falsifying evidence, (5) Kickbacks, (6) Shakedowns, (7) †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦